大学英语语法.doc

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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除动词的时态动词的现在时1. 一般现在时(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如：The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。(2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。Food easily goes bad in hot we

2、ather. 天气热时食物容易坏。(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。(4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态Ill tell her about it as soon as I see her.When does the train arrive? 火车几点到？(5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to fac

3、e his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart. 防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。(6) 电视节目直播解说Its Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Ca

4、rter. 该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。2. 现在进行时(1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常有表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如： He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。(2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作 现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely, simply, really,fast, ra

5、pidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等频度副词连用。如： She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。(3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事 这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如： The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。(4) 补充说明1 在不少情况下，表

6、示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字眼，但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如： Its raining heavily. 下大雨了。 How is everything going? 事情进展如何？2 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有： 表示感觉或感情的词，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。 表示存在或所属的词，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form

7、, contain等。 表示认识或理解的词，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。3. 现在完成时(1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如：The old man have lived here for more than twenty years. 老人已在此住了20多年了。(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作1 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和already, before, ever, just,

8、lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗？2 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：I haven t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。(3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作Ill go to the party as

9、soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.我完成作业后就去参加聚会。(4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。We have learned five hundred words up to the present.到目前为止，我们已学了五百个生词。但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：

10、He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。4. 现在完成进行时(1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作Ive been writing letters all this morning. 我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）ONeil is ill. He s been lying in the bed for three weeks.奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3个星期了。（动作会继续下去）(2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作现在完成进行时的这种用法

11、所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：What have you been doing all this time? 你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）动词的过去时1. 一般过去时(1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态1 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night(week,

12、 year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out. 出门前露茜关了所有的灯。2 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语应指过去。如：Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗？（today指今天已过去的某一时刻）3 一般过去时还可以和for或s

13、ince引导的时间状语连用。如：I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。(2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Who was that? 那人是谁？I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。(3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。Hans said he would let us know if he got any news. 汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。2. 过去进行时(1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正

14、在进行的动作1 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如：We were having dinner when they came.他们来的时候，我们正在吃饭。2 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如：Carlos was staying at home all last week.上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。3 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如：I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书，她在写字。4 有时过去进行时用于主句，位于其后

15、的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况：I was walking in the street when it began to rain. 我正在街上走着，突然下起了雨。(2) 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算，通常仅限于come, go, leave, depart, start等一些表示移动的动词。如：He didnt know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。3. 过去完成时(1) 过去完成时表示过去某时

16、之前结束的动作或状态When he got there, the train had already left.他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。Ina realized she had made a mistake.艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。(2) 过去完成时与when等从句连用had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done.when., no sooner.than. 是表示“刚就”或“不等就”的固定句型。如：No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。I had no

17、t gone much farther before I caught them up.我没有走多远就赶上他们了。(3) 过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态We had finished the work by nine oclock yesterday.昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。(4) 过去完成时表示未实现的愿望过去完成时表示未实现的愿望的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,wa

18、nt等动词，过去时间往往由一般过去时表达。如：I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言，可是时间不允许。I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你会知道的。4. 过去完成进行时过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如：I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这个东西，我找了好多天才找着。The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.

19、电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。He was tired. Hed been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。After hed been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water.布朗教授讲了半小时课之后，他喝了一点水。动词的将来时1. 一般将来时(1) 基本用法1 一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如：Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了。2 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如：Ill tell y

20、ou as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。3 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。如：If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.如果你愿意等我，我马上就回来。4 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如：The shop wont open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。(2) be going to 动词原形这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如：What are you going to do du

21、ring the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？ The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。(3) 现在进行时（be 现在分词）有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作，表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。(4) be to 动词原形这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如：When are they to

22、 come? 他们什么时候来？We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。 (5) be about to 动词原形这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。如：He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。2. 将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事，给人一种期待感。如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这个时候你将做什么？The train will be leavi

23、ng in a second. 火车马上就开。3. 将来完成时(1) 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.我将在本周末前读完这本书。Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.过不久，他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。(2) 将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如：By the time he graduates, he will have studied Fre

24、nch for four years.到他毕业的时候，他学法语就满四年了。By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours. 到皮尔斯开会回来的时候，我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。4. 过去将来时(1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。如：I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。 Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。(2)

25、表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。如：The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.老太太当时五十八岁，再过两年就六十了。I didnt think they would have any objection to it.我想他们不会有什么反对意见。(3) 表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。如：Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see his grandmother. 哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。Joanna would go for a wal

26、k after she had supper.乔安娜吃完晚饭总要去散步。被动语态现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made过去范畴 一般过去时was/were made过去进行时was/werebeingmade过去完成时had been made将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made将来完成时shall/will have been made过去将来时should/would be made过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动

27、语态的各种时态被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。(1) 一般现在时的被动语态I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。Computers are widely used in the world.计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。(2) 一般过去时的被动语态The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。Printing was intro

28、duced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。(3) 现在进行时的被动语态The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。(4) 过去进行时的被动语态When I called, tea was being served.当我来访时，正值上茶之际。When they arrived， the experiments were being made. 他们

29、到达时，实验正在进行。(5) 现在完成时的被动语态The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。The party has been planned since the new year. 这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。(6) 过去完成时的被动语态By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times.到上月底，他已被抢了至少三次。(7) 将来完成时的被动语态It is said that the building will have been completed before Septemb

30、er.据说大楼将于九月前竣工。This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.到明年夏天，布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。2. 含有情态动词的被动语态Water mustnt be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。Electric energy can be changed into light enery. 电能可以转变成光能。Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.过马路时要特别小

31、心，要往两边看，不然会被撞倒。3. Get+过去分词构成的被动语态Get过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如：the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？4. 短语动词的被动语态(1) 动词+介词This matter has been talked about recently. 这件事近来一直被谈论着。Such a thing has never b

32、een heard of before.这样的事从未被听说过。The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。He has never been listened to. 人家从不听他的话。(2) 动词+副词The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了。A short play will be put on by them at the party. 一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。What he said must be thought over. 他说的话必须仔细思考。(3) 其他短语动词 Privil

33、eges must be done away with. 特权必须被取消。The light has just been turned off. 灯刚被关上。Their plans are being carried out. 他们的计划正在执行中。5. “主+动+宾+宾补”句型变为被动结构这种句型有两个宾语，一般地说一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。（主动句）He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。（被动句）He painted the t

34、able green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。（主动句）The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。（被动句）6. “主+动+that从句”句型的被动句有些以that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如：People say that he is the richest man in the city.人们说他是全市头号富翁。It is said that he is the richest man in the city. 据说他是全市头号富翁。He is said to be the richest man in the city. 据说他是全市头

35、号富翁。当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要，或者不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时，便常常使用上述形式的被动句。如：It was reported that the boy had been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。The boy was reported to have been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。常用于上述被动句型的动词有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think等。 7. 含有被动意

36、义的主动语态英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句，其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作，而是其内在的性能。这种句子的特点是：主语为无生命名词，谓语动词为一般现在时；肯定句必须带方式状语；否定句的谓语可以带情态动词。如：She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。The house is to rent. 这个房子要出租。Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃。助动词be

37、、have和do1. Be动词的用法(1) 助动词be和现在分词一起构成进行时或完成进行时。如：He is reading. 他在读书。Ill be waiting for you there then. 我到时在那儿等你。(2) 助动词be和过去分词一起构成被动语态。如：Is he taken good care of? 他被照顾得好吗？They shall be punished. 他们一定要受惩罚的。(3) 助动词be用作系动词。如：Matthew is a teacher. 马修是个老师。We were late today. 我们今天迟到了。(4) 助动词be和不定式连用，可以表示下

38、面几种情况。表计划，只用于肯定句和疑问句。如：We are to discuss it the following week. 我们打算下周讨论那件事。When is the wedding to be? 婚礼什么时候举行？表命令，只用于肯定句和否定句。如：All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once. 全体下级军官都必须立即向上校报到。Tom says I am to leave you alone. 汤姆要我不理会你。表可能，多用于被动结构。如：Her father was often to be seen in the

39、bar of this hotel.在这家旅馆的酒吧经常可见到她父亲。Where is he to be found? 在哪儿可找到他？表示“必须”，“应该”多用于现在式。如：Nobody is to leave this room. 谁也不许离开这个房间。What am I to do next？下一步我该做什么？Hes to blame. 该怪他。表注定，多用于过去式。如：He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come. 在后来许多年里，他是我的老师和朋友。The professor did not know at the

40、 time that he was never to see his native place again.当时教授不知道他再也见不到他的故土了。(5) 助动词be用于条件从句。如：If we are to succeed, we must redouble our efforts.我们要想成功，必须加倍努力才行。（are to意为“想要”）(6) be后接going to, about to, on the point of等表示将来时间或根据计划、意图等将要发生的事。如：Its going to rain. 快要下雨了。(将来时间)Hes about to leave. 他正要走。(将来时

41、间)2. Have的用法(1) 助动词have与过去分词一起构成各种完成时态。如：I have read the book. 我读过这本书。Kenny has left. 肯尼已经走了。(2) 助动词have与been+现在分词构成各种完成进行时态。如：I have been washing the clothes the whole morning.整个上午我都在洗衣服。Lambert has been working as a worker here for nearly five years.兰伯特一直在这里当工人，几乎有五年了。(3) 助动词have构成had better, had

42、best, had rather等词组。Had better和had best是“最好还是”或“还是好”的意思。在had better中，had不表示过去时间，不能用have或has代替。had better 后可接不带to的不定式或接进行式、完成式或被动语态。had better的否定式是had better not。如：You had better stay at home你最好呆在家里。Youd better have had that experience before. 假如你以前有过那个经验就好了。Youd better not run the risk. 你最好不要冒那个险。(4

43、) 补充Have还可用作使役动词和实义动词(表示”有”,”吃”等意义)。如:They have had the problem solved.他们让其他人解决了这个问题.(使役动词)Bad news has wings. 丑事传千里. (实义动词)What shall we have for lunch? 我们午饭吃甚么? (实义动词)3. Do的用法(1) 助动词do, does和did用于构成否定句、疑问句和倒装句。如：Do you understand all this? 你明白这一切吗？Dont go yet. 先别走。(2) 助动词do, does和did用于代替句中的主要动词，以避

44、免重复。如：He didnt go to the party. Neither did I. 他没有去参加晚会，我也没有去。I do not agree. Nor does he. 我不同意，他也不同意。(3) 用于加强语气， do， does和did位于陈述句的动词原形前， do位于祈使句中的动词原形前。如：Do have another cup of coffee before you go.走前请一定再喝一杯咖啡。Thats exactly what he did say. 他就是那样说的。But I do want to go. 可是我确实想去。(4) 在一些以否定副词如never,

45、rarely, scarcely, only等为首的句子中，如果实义动词是现在时或过去时，助动词do和did可以构成主谓倒装。如：Never did I tell him about that. 我从来没有告诉过他那件事。Rarely does it snow in the South. 南方很少下雪。情态动词can、may、must的用法1. can的用法(1) can表示主语的能力。如：The hall can seat 1,000 people. 这个大厅能坐1 000人。Can you play the piano? 你会弹钢琴吗？(2) can表示说话人的猜测（即可能性），多用于否定

46、句和疑问句。如：Can it be true? 这能是真的吗？The moon cant always be at the full. 月不可能总是圆的。What can she mean? 她可能是什么意思呢？(3) can表示许可。如：This sort of thing cant go on. 这样的事不能再继续下去了。You cant smoke here. 你不可在这里吸烟。(4)“can+完成式”表示说话人对过去情况的猜测（只用于否定和疑问结构中）。如：He cant have missed the way.I explained the route carefully and d

47、rew him a map.他不会迷路。我对他详细说明了路线，还画了一张地图。Can the team have left already? 球队已经离开了吗？2. could的用法(1) could表示主语的能力，为can的过去时形式，如：Daisy couldnt come yesterday because she was ill.戴西昨天不能来是因为她病了。They said they could swim. 他们说他们会游泳。(2) could表示说话人的猜测（即可能性）。如：He could be right. 他或许是对的。Could it be Henry? 可能是亨利吗？At that time we thought the story could not be true.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是