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1、American Literature (I) Autumn 2008American Literature:(1865 - 1914)我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物ObjectivesTo enable the Ss to know what Local Colorism is and who the leaders of Local Colorism are;To enable the Ss to know what Naturalism is and who the leaders

2、of Naturalism areTo enable the Ss to comprehend the major writing techniques of Jack LondonAmerican Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Teaching Materials Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnJack London (1876-1916)Love of LifeAmerica

3、n Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Teaching MethodologyLecturingText-analysisAmerican Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Realism - as a literary term A term applied to literary com

4、position that aims at an interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. As a way of writing, realism has been applied in almost every literature throughout history. As an attitude of the writer toward his materials, it is relativ

5、e, and no chronological point may be indicated as the beginning of realism.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物I. IntroductionvThe reasons for the coming of American realism:vThe Civil War which broke out in 1861 taught men that life

6、 was not so good, man was not and God was not. The war marked a change, in the quality of American life, a deterioration, in fact, of American moral values. It led people to question the assumptions: natural goodness, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God. vIn post-bellum America inc

7、reasing industrialization and mechanization of the country in full swing produced soon extremes of wealth and poverty. Wealth and power were more and more concentrated in the hands of the few “captains of industry” or “robber barons”, but life for the millions was fast becoming a veritable struggle

8、for survival. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 The frontier was about to close and the safety valve was ceasing to operate, a reexamination of life began. Beneath the glittering surface of prospective there lay suffering and unha

9、ppiness, Disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. The age of Romanticism and Transcendentalism was by and large over. Meanwhile younger writers appeared on the scene, such as William Dean Howells, Henry James, Mark Twain, and so on, which means the coming of new literary age, American reali

10、sm.我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Major Features Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. It insists on precise description, authentic action

11、 and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.Realism focuses on commonness of the li

12、ves of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts. Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realism presents moral visions. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也

13、感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物2. The Core of American realism?vAs a literary movement realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as a reaction against “the lie” of romanticism and sentimentalism. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar

14、 and the low. vThe American realists advocated “verisimilitude of detail derived from observation,” the effort to approach the norm of experience a reliance on the representative in plot, setting, and character, and to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience.

15、American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物3. The schools of American Realism:v Frontier Humorv Midwestern realism (Howells)v Cosmopolitan Novelist (Henry James)v Regionalism (Local Color)v Naturalismv The Chicago School of poetsv The rise

16、of black American literatureAmerican Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Local Color Term applied to literature which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialects, c

17、ostumes, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences. The local color movement came into particular prominence in Am after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt to recapture the glamour of a past era, or to portray the sections of the reunited country. In loca

18、lAmerican Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 color literature, one finds the dual influence of romanticism and realism since the author frequently looks away from ordinary life to distant lands, strange customs, or exotic scenes, but retain

19、s through minute detail a sense of fidelity and accuracy of description.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Mark Twain (1835 - 1910)American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的

20、生物 Life Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. After his fathers death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brothers newspaper. He later worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot. The C

21、ivil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, Mark Twain was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym, which is a nautical term used by sailors to denote a particular dep

22、th of the river.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 In 1864 Twain left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a reporter. He visited Hawaii as a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, publishing letters on his trip and givi

23、ng lectures. He set out on a world tour, traveling in France and Italy. His experiences were recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners. The success as a writer gave Twain enough financial security to

24、 marry Olivia Langdon in 1870. They moved next year to Hartford. Twain continued to lecture in the United States and England. Between 1876 and 1884 he published several masterpieces, Tom Sawyer (1881) and The Prince And The Pauper (1881). Life On The Mississippi appeared in 1883 and Huckleberry Finn

25、 in 1884. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the failure of his own publishing firm. To recover from the bankruptcy, he started a world lecture tour, dur

26、ing which one of his daughters died. Twain toured New Zealand, Australia, India, and South Africa. He wrote such books as The Tragedy Of Puddhead Wilson (1884), Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889) and the travel book Following The Equator (

27、1897). During his long writing career, Twain also produced a considerable number of essays.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 The death of his wife and his second daughter darkened the authors later years, which is seen in his post

28、humously published autobiography (1924). Twain died on April 21, 1910.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Style Broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire, realism of place and language, memorable characters, hatred of hyp

29、ocrisy and oppression.Simple and plain diction, precise, direct.His earlier works are light, humorous, optimistic.His later works become darker and more obscure, showing his discontent and disappointment toward the social reality. His last works shows his acute pessimism, despair, skepticism determi

30、nism.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物Artistic Features First, he possessed utter clarity of style. He evolved a style so clear and economical that other contemporary styles seemed slightly archaic, rusty, and redundant. Second, h

31、e had a supreme command of vernacular American English. Before him there had been only American dialect; after him there was an American language. American dialect had been used very well by some other writers, but in their hands it was surrounded and conditioned by a “literary” language that wittin

32、gly or unwittingly patronized it. Mark Twain removed the surrounding frame. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 Third, there was Mark Twains humor, which resists explanation. In Twains time, humor, though it was seen as greatly valu

33、able, remained clearly subordinate in the value system of the 19th century. The function of humor was to entertain, but it was not expected to participate in the high seriousness that Matthew Arnold and his age asked of literature. But Twain liberated humor, raising it to high arta liberation that p

34、arallels his creation of vernacular American English. Instead of subduing his humor to seriousness, twain invaded the citadels(大本营) of seriousness and freed the humor held captive there.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物His Works:T

35、he Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches (1867)The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873)Mark Twains Sketches: New and Old (1876)The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Prince and the Pauper (1881)Life on the Mississippi (1883)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)A Connectic

36、ut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889)The 1,000,000 Pound Bank-Note, and Other New Stories (1893)American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物His masterpiece: The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnMuch of the book is concerned with Hucks inner st

37、ruggle between this sense of guilt in helping Jim to escape and his profound conviction that Jim is a human being. The book is written in the colloquial style, in the general standard speech of uneducated Americans. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证

38、实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 This novel tells a story along the Mississippi River before the civil war. Here lies an America with its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace”.This novel, through Hucks adventures

39、, presented the change of the white boy Hucks attitude toward the run-away black slave Jim .American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 It shows Mark Twains satire on southern culture before the Civil War. He exposed the problems of slavery

40、, the mistreatment of humans by humans and then in a deep level condemned racial discrimination. He showed the readers how the poor whites thought they were better than black slaves. The only thing that made them feel good about themselves was that they were white. And Twain made the readers laugh a

41、t this idea.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物The second object of satire is the upper-class southerners. The shepherdson-Grangerford feud is a good example. The feud has been going on for generations. Its cause has been forgotten.

42、 The satire is merciless, not because these people are violent, but because they accept their violence as right. American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物1. Plot SummaryHuck lives with Miss Watson who is trying to civilize him. He and Tom

43、 Sawyer become friends with her slave Jim. Hucks drunk father returns to try and take Huck back, but Huck fakes his own murder and runs away with Jim to a nearby island. Jim and Huck discover a raft, which they make their new home and set out to sail down the Mississippi River where they will both b

44、e free. Jim and Huck travel by night to avoid being caught, and sleep out in the woods during the day time. During the journey, Huck and Jims friendship grows considerably, and the two become like family. Huck and Jim are separated when their raft hits a steamboat and Huck goes ashore to stay with a

45、 family, the Grangerfords. Huck soon becomes involved in their ongoing feud and leaves when several family members are killed. Huck also plays with the concept of morality and debates over the question of whether to turn Jim in or risk being shunned by society if he is caught with a runaway.American

46、 Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 The Duke and the King soon join Huck and Jim on the raft, and the four scam several cities out of money by performing plays and circuses. They stay at the Wilkes house where they steal money from a family

47、 of girls whose father just died, by pretending to be their uncles. Huck eventually confesses to the girls, and abandons the Duke and the King when they try to sell Jim.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物 Eventually Huck winds up at

48、 Aunt Sallys house and pretends to be Tom Sawyer, who they are expecting. He soon learns that she is keeping Jim hostage until his master comes to get him, and tries to think of a way to free his friend. When the real Tom comes to Aunt Sallys, the two form an intricate plan involving ransom notes an

49、d digging holes in order to free Jim. When the plan is activated, Huck and Tom are caught by angry townspeople and are forced to confess their identity and reason for disturbing the slave. Huck learns that Miss Watson set Jim free in her will, and he is no longer a slave. Huck plans to escape being

50、civilized once more, and suggests that he will flee to live in Indian territory.American Literature (I) Autumn 2008我吓了一跳，蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西，为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢？但是我也感到愉快，证实我的猜测没有错：表里边有一个活的生物2. Major ThemesMaturity: Huck is forced to take care of himself because he has no parents. Although he is a young boy