2022年初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结 .pdf

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1、- 1 - 第一部分语言知识与能力第一章英语语言知识二、语音（ Speech Sounds）P78 1、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL - 清浊音（ voiceless consonant）VD - 浊辅音（ voiced consonant ）2、音系学（ phonology ）P79 （1）同化规则（assimilation Rule）progressive assimilation 顺同化（前面带偏后面）worked regressive assimilation 逆同化（后面带偏前面）newspaper reciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化did you

2、 （2）音节（ syllable） tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble 重音（ stress）声调（ tone）（3）语音变化（vocal variety）liaison 连读pick it up plosion 爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破sit down ；incomplete plosion 不完全爆破ask ed nasal plosion 鼻腔爆破button ；lateral plosion 舌边爆破little 三、形态学（ Morphology ）1、morpheme 词素重点！P87 （1）free morpheme 自由词素dog ；bound m

3、orpheme 黏着词素moonwalk （2）root 词根； affix 词缀（ prefix 前缀、 suffix 后缀）； stem 词干friend-ships （3）inflectional affix 屈折词缀-s,-ing,-ed 不同形式（4）derivational affix 派生词缀改变词性和意义2、（ 1）inflection 屈折变化-s,-ing,-ed 不同形式（2）word-formation 词的形成： compounding 复合法through-out 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4、- - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - derivation 派生法（prefixation 前缀化suffixation 后缀化）il-logical-ly 3、常见构词法P89 invention 新创词nylon ；blending 混成法smoke+fog=smog clipping 截断法advertisement=ad ； initialism 首字母连写词WTO acronym 首字母拼音词AIDS ；back-formation 逆构词法editor-edit analogical crea

5、tion 类似构词work-wrought/worked types of borrowing 借词法： loanword/borrowing 借词 feast（法语中借来）loanblend 混合借词Chinatown （本国加外来）loanshift 转移借词bridge （借用意义）loan translation 翻译借词（从别种语言翻译而来）4、词义变化broadening 词义扩大bird 小鸟 -鸟类；narrowing 词义缩小girl 年轻人 -女孩meaning shift 词义转移；class shift 词性转换； folk etymology 俗词源（错多了成了对的）

6、四、句法学（ Syntax）P91 1、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系（ horizontal relation/chain relation）构成同一形式、序列或结构paradigmatic relation 聚合关系（ vertical relation/choice relation）各要素可相互替换relation of co-occurrence 共现关系（不同集合的词语一起组成句子）2、句子结构和成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法（IC分析法）The boy ate the apple. 用树形图（ tree

7、 diagram ） 一般句子，主谓宾之类的endocentric construction 向心结构一个词或词组可以确定为中心（center）或中心词（ head）two stone bridge 一般名词 /动词 /形容词短语exocentric construction 离心结构没有确定的中心或中心词The boy smiled. 一般动宾 /系表结构deep structure 深层结构（含义相同，说法不同）surface structure 表层结构（句子表述方式）五、语义学（ Semantics）P93 1、涵义关系（ Sense Relations）lexical relatio

8、n 词汇关系（1）同义关系（Synonymy）synonyms 同义词stylistic 文体差别 (formality) buy-perchase ；dialectal 地域差别underground-subway collocational 搭配差别accuse(of)-charge(with) ；emotive 情感差别thrifty-stingy ；semantic 语义差别enough-ample （2）反义关系（Antonymy ）antonyms 反义词relational opposites 意义相反词gradable antonymy 等级反义warm-cool comple

9、mentary antonymy 互补反义boy-girl converse antonymy 反向反义关系buy-sell 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - （3）上下义关系（Hyponymy）种类和成员包括上坐标词（superordinate ）和下义词（hyponymy） flower-rose/tulip （4）一词多义（Polysemy）（5）同音 /同形异义现象（Homonymy）homo

10、phone 同音异义sun-son homograph 同形异义lie complete homonym 完全同音同形异义bank 岸边；银行2、句子逻辑关系iff-充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P就是 S的真值条件（ truth condition ）P （1）synonymy 同义关系“X is synonymous with Y.” 同真同假P95 （2）contradiction 矛盾关系“X is inconsistent with Y.” 一真一假（3）entailment 蕴含关系“X entails Y. ”X小， Y大X：old man Y ：man （4）p

11、resupposition 预设关系 “X presupposes Y. ” Y是前提X：repair the car Y：have a car 六、语用学（ Pragmatics）P96 1、言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）（1）locutionary act 发话行为（说话人表达字面意思）is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood. （2）illocutionary act 行事行为（说话人表达意图）is the act in saying something to per

12、form a function. （3）perlocutionary act 取效行为（作用于听话人的效果）is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something. 言外之意（ illocutionary point ）：representatives 阐述类；directives 指令类；commissives 承诺类；expressives 表达类；declarations 宣告类2、会话含义理论（Conversational Principle/Maxim ）violate 违反P97 cooper

13、ative principle,CP 合作原则（会话有共同目标）“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”（1）the maxim of quantity数量准则（信息充分）（2）the maxim of quality质量准则（说实话）（3）the maxim of relation相

14、关准则（说相关的事）（4）the maxim of manner方式准则（清楚简洁避免歧义）conversational implicature 会话含义（用会话准则暗示意义）（1）calculability 可推导性（含义能理解）（2）cancellability 可取消性（ defeasibility ）（因素变化，含义变化）（3）non-detachability 不可分离性（含义依附于内容）（4）non-conventionality非规约性（含义不确定）七、修辞学（ Rhetoric） 问法： rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞策略P98 1、simile 明

15、喻like,as.as,as if,as though,similar to,such as 2、metaphor 隐喻（暗含比较）elephant pause 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 4 - 3、personification 拟人 （把事物或概念当做人）4、metonymy 借代（用事物的名称代替亲密相关的另一事物）5、synecdoche 提喻（部分代替整体或整体代替部分）hand/mouth

16、-man 6、euphemism 婉言die-pass away 7、irony 反语（意思相反）8、allegory 讽喻9、exaggeration 夸张（夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣）10、transferred epithet移位修辞nervous exam 11、oxymoron 矛盾修辞bitter-sweet memory 12、pun 双关语（homophonic puns 谐音双关； homographic puns 语义双关）八、语言教学P100 1、中介语（ interlanguage ）2、对比分析（ contrastive analysis）3、错误分析（ error a

17、nalysis）（ 1）error 错误（因为知识不足）mistake 失误（不注意犯错）（ 2）interlingual errors 语际错误（迁移错误）因为母语Cnglish intralingual errors 语内错误（发展性错误）因为过度概括语言规则eat-eated(错) 4、错误性质：omissions 省略（少成分）；additions 添加（多成分）；misformations 形式错误（ eated）；double markings 双重标记（ didn t went ）； misorderings 顺序错误（ how you are ）5、我国外语学习者错误类型（ 1

18、）negative transfer 负迁移 /干扰因为母语（ 2）over-generalization 过度类推 /过度概括因为过度概括语言规则（ 3）pragmatic failure 语用错误违反对方的文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论（Second Language Acquisition,SLA）（ 1） Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis 语言习得和学得假说（习得和学得两条不同的途径）（ 2）Monitor Hypothesis语言监察假说（学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量）（ 3）Input Hypothesis 语言输入假说（接触理解可理解性语言输入com

19、prehensible input ）（ 4） Affective Filter Hypothesis 情感过滤假说（输入 input 和吸收 intake 受到动力 motivation 、性格 personality 、情感状态affective state ）（ 5）Natural Order Hypothesis 自然顺序假说（可以不按任何语法顺序来教学）第二章 英语语言运用能力一、教学中的非语言交际1、非语言手段P118 environment language 环境语（座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等）object language 客体语（个人，衣着化妆、个人用品等）

20、2、非语言行为body language 体态语（身姿、手势、表情、目光）名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - paralanguage 副语言（声音音质、音量、语调、语速）第三章 英语国家的语言、历史和文学三、语言、文化和社会1、局部结构P131 毗邻对（ adjacency pairs） 一轮对话（1）毗邻对的条件相关性（conditional relevance ）preferred second

21、part/preference structure 优选结构Hi dispreferred second part/dispreference structure 非优选结构relevant absence 相关缺失（2）毗邻对的扩展base pairs 根毗邻对（被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对）前扩展，指前序列（pre-sequences），包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告中扩展，包括插入序列（insertion sequences）和旁侧序列（side sequences）后扩展，指后序列（post sequences），包括会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分：修正源（ trouble

22、 source ）、修正的发起（repair initiation ）、修正（ repair）lexical 词汇启动（ no,sorry,let me see,you know ）non-lexical 非词汇启动（um.,uh.）四、语言与文字1、小说语言P134 （1）小说与视角first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者（I）third-person narrator第三人称叙述者（he,she,it,they ）（2）语言表达与思想表达direct speech 直接言语（“F*k you ”）indirect speech 间接言语（ he said/asked）fr

23、ee indirect speech 自由间接言语第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章 初中英语课程标准一、初中英语课程基础知识1、英语课程的性质P149 The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.（工具性和人文性）Students overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum. 2、英语课程的设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum u

24、nifies both primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 6 - into nine competence-based levels by adopting the i

25、nternational general classification method. Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school. Level 2-primary school 二、英语课程的分级标准P154 1、语言技能（ Language Skills）Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding languag

26、e knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant levels. 2、语言知识（ Language Knowledge）（语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题）Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme. 3、情感态度（ Affect）（兴趣、动机、自信、意志和合作精神；祖国意识和国际视野）interest,

27、motivation, confidence, will and cooperation; National consciousness and international vision. 4、学习策略（ Learning Strategies）（认知、调控、交际、资源）Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy, communicative strategy and resourcing strategy. 5、文化意识（ Cultural Aw

28、areness/Understanding ）（历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念）Historical geography, local customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature and art, values. 三、英语课程的实施建议P161 1、教学建议（1）面向全体学生，为每个学生学习英语奠定基础（2）注意语言实践，培养学生的语言运用能力（3）加强学习策略指导，培养学生自主学习能力（4）培养学生的跨文化交际意识，发展跨文化交际能力（5）结合实际教学需要，

29、创造性地使用教材（6）合理利用各种教学资源，提高学生的学习效率（7）组织生动活泼的课外活动，拓展学生的学习渠道（8）不断提高专业水平，努力适应课程要求第二章 初中英语教学基本理论一、语言观（ Views of Language）P173 1、语言的概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2、语言的本质特征/设计特性（ design features）（1）arbitrariness 任意性（体现了convention 规约性）（2）duality 二重性（ basic lev

30、el, higher level 基层和高层）名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 7 - （3）creativity 创造性 /productivity能产性（4）displacement 移位性（赋予generalizations, abstractions 概括和抽象）（5）cultural transmission 文化传习性3、语言的功能（Functions of Language）（1）informa

31、tive function信息功能（2）interpersonal function人际功能（3）performative function施为功能（4）emotive function 情绪功能（5）phatic function 寒暄功能（6）recreational function娱乐功能（7）metalingual function元语言功能4、语言学角度的语言观（1）The Structural View of Language 结构语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of vari

32、ous subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax. （2）The Function View of Language 功能语言观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. （3）The Interactional View of Language 交互语言观（interaction, dynamics 交互性和动态）the interactional view of

33、 language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. 二、语言学习观（Views of Language Learning）P176 1、语言学习理论（1）Behaviorist Learning Theory 行为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempt

34、ed to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus, response, and reinforcement) （2）Cognitive Learning Theory 认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that “ language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences ca

35、n be produced” . （3）Constructivist Learning Theory 构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows. 最近发展区理论Zone of Proximal Development 三、语言教学观（Views of Language Teaching ）P178 1、语言教学

36、理论（结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论）四、外语教学法的主要流派1、grammar-translation method 语法翻译法2、audio-lingual method 听说法（ pattern drill 句型操练、 contrastive analysis 对比分析法）名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 8 - 3、total physical response 全身反应教学法P1

37、81 4、cognitive approach 认知教学法（提高accuracy, appropriateness 得体性）5、communicate approach 交际法（包含 function,notion功能和意念）P183 （1）交际能力（communicative competence ）grammatical competence 语法能力、 sociolinguistic 社会语言能力、discourse 语篇能力、strategic 策略能力、 linguistic 语言能力、 pragmatic 语用能力、 fluency 流利性（2）3P 教学模式： presentat

38、ion-practice-production 6、task-based approach 任务型教学P184 （1）real-world tasks /target tasks 目标任务；pedagogical tasks 教学任务（2）任务的四个构成元素：objective、context 、process、outcome （3）information gap 信息差 /信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should he

39、lp develop students language ability. （4）constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论（强调 scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction情景、写作、会话和意义建构）（5）任务型教学的三个环节：pre-task 前任务、 task-cycle 任务环（task、planning、report ）、language focus 语言聚焦（ analysis、practice）第三章 初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学P192 1、语音教学的内容The realis

40、tic goal of teaching pronunciation should be consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural. intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners. communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker. 2、Pronun

41、ciation knowledge teaching发音知识教学（ monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols单音、字母、音标）3、Flow of language teaching 语流教学（ sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation重音、节奏、语调）4、The principle of phonetic teaching语音教学的原则（ accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则）

42、5、The teaching method of phonetics语音的教学方法P195 （1）Sound perception 听音感知练习方法： using minimal pairs 最小对立体 (live-leave)、which order 排序、 same or different 辨别异同、 odd one out 同中选异、 completion 填空名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 9 -

43、 （2）Imitation and explanation 模仿讲解personally demonstration 、imitate 、 practice 亲自示范，反复模仿、练习（3）Pronunciation practice 发音练习练习方法： listen and repeat 听音模仿、 fill in the blanks 填空、 using pictures 借助图片、using meaningful context 借助情景 make up sentences 造句、 using togue twisters 运用绕口令（4）语流教学（见上）慢动作（slow motion s

44、peaking ）二、词汇教学P197 language teaching theories 理论构成： receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性 /消极词汇和productive/ 产出性 /积极词汇1、Learning content 教学内容（1）word meaning 词汇的意义include learning form,meaning and use. Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its

45、 meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning. 词汇意义包括conceptual meaning 、 associated meaning 概念意义和关联意义概念意义：词典中意思，即literal meaning/ denotation 字面意思 /词汇的外延、关联意义：文化含义与语境意义，又称connotation 词汇的内涵 ( learn in the context ) （2）word use 词汇的用法包括： collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register 搭

46、配、词组、习语、风格、语域（3）word information 词汇信息包括： part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征（4）word memory strategies 词汇记忆策略avoid rote-learning 避免死记硬背word-building 构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle 教学原则（1）音形义结合pronounce 、spelling、meaning （2）词块整体教学lexical chunk

47、s ( knowledge of collocation 搭配 ) （3）具体语境中教learn in the context （4）循序渐进step by step （5）反复练习巩固记忆review （6）培养自学词汇能力deduce the meaning of words 猜测词义3、Teaching method 教学方法P200 （1）呈现词汇 : visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building 构词法、 synonym/antonym(opposites) 同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答verbal context/ situatio

48、n 结合语境 /创设情境运用词汇学习策略，如chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary归类 /推理/类比 /查字典（2）巩固词汇：labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association贴标签 /找茬 / 描述绘画 /玩游戏（宾果）/词汇联想三、语法教学P201 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页

49、，共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - - 10 - 1、Content 教学内容grammar 语法具有 Three dimensions 三维性： form, meaning and usage 形式、意义和用法semantic 语义包括 grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents of meaning 语法形式、结构的语法意义和内容意义task 教学任务：语法 rules规则的 cognition/ drill/ application认知 /操练 /应用、the generation

50、of grammar consciousness 语法意识的生成2、Principle 教学原则（交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性）grammar teaching should be: (1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories. (2)Constructive:ones knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which c