2022年初中英语语法归纳：被动语态 .pdf

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1、精品资料欢迎下载初中英语语法归纳复习：被动语态重难点：掌握八种常见时态的被动语态，并能根据不同情景，灵活运用被动语态。【知识总结归纳】一. 概念：表示动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子是被动语态。二. 主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换 We Visited that factory last summer 主动语态主语谓语宾语状语That factory was visited by us last summer 被动语态主语谓语宾语状语三. 各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时am / is / are + P.P. （1）Do they speak French

2、? （2）They don t use the room . Is French spoken by them ? The room isn t used by them . 一般过去时was / were + p.p. （1）The hunter killed a tiger . （2）He wrote many stories last year . A tiger was killed by the hunter . Many stories was written by him last year . 现在进行时am / is / are +being +p.p. （1）These w

3、orkers are building a new bridge . （2）He is mending his car . A new bridge is being built by these workers . His car is being mended by him . 过去进行时was / were + being + p.p. （1）He was selling books . （2）They were discussing the plan at that time . Books were being built by him . The plan was being di

4、scussed by them at that time . 现在完成时（1）She has learned Many English words have 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 7 页精品资料欢迎下载have / has + been + p. p. many English words . （2）He has finished the work . been learned by her . The work has been finished by him . 过去完成时had + been + p.p.

5、 （1）They has solved the problem . （2）We had told him the news by then . The problem had been solved by them . The news had been told to him by us . 一般将来时shall / will be + p.p. （1）I shall make a plan . （2）They are going to fix the radio in an hour . A plan will be made by me . The radio is going to b

6、e fixed by them in an hour . 过去将来时would be + p.p. was/ were going to be + p.p. （1）He told me they would paint the room . （2）They were going to put on a play the next week . He told me the room would be painted by them . A play was going to be put by them the next week . 情态动词can / may / must / should

7、 + be + p.p. （1）We should hand in our homework . （2）You must answer the question in English . Our homework should be handed in by us . The question must be answered in English by you . 四. 如何正确使用被动语态1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词“to”。eg

8、. He often tells us interesting stories . （主动语态）.himbyustotoldoftenarestoriesgInterestin.himbystoriesginterestintoldoftenareWe（被动语态）常带双宾语的词有：tell , show , lend , pass等。2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to 被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to 还要还原。eg. I often hear her sing this popular song . （主动语态）复合宾语宾语

9、补足语宾语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 7 页精品资料欢迎下载 She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态） 有这种用法的常用动词有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。3. 有些“ be + 过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”比较：（ 1）)()(.FengpingbyclosedisdoorThe.closedisdoorThe被动语态

10、。这个门是由冯平来关的系表结构门是关着的。（2）)()(.MarybybrokenwasglassThe.brokenisglassThe被动语态。的这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏系表结构。这个玻璃杯是坏的4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+ 介词词组才可以有被动语态。eg. )()(.ChinainplacetakenbeenhavechangesGreat.ChinainplacetakenhavechangesGreat错误正确)()(.seadeeptheinddisappearewasdolphinThe.seadeeptheinddisappearedolphinThe错误正确【总结】一、被

11、动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词 ) 一般现在时例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. 3） am/is /are bein

12、g done 现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6） was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when

13、 I was there. 7） shall/will be done 一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done 过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. 9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

14、1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 7 页精品资料欢迎下载例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present

15、by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to 。例 Someone saw a str

16、anger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态 ( 一般时态和完成时态) 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.

17、二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 ( 这时可省 by 短语 ) 。例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized

18、 by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“ It be过去分词 that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说 ,It is reported that据报道， It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that 大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought

19、that大家认为，It is suggested that 据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （ The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有很多动词如 break ，catch ，clean ，drive ，lock ，open，sell ，read ，write ， wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义 , 主语通常是物。例 This kind of clot

20、h washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较： The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out

21、? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。1 在 need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。精选学习资料 - - - -

22、 - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 7 页精品资料欢迎下载2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading（ The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this a

23、fternoon (to do与 things是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。) 试比较： I ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you 不是 post 动作的执行者。) 4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice ，easy，fit，hard ，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant ，interesting等。例 T

24、his problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了 for me ）. 5 在 too to 结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁l

25、ost time不明确。）7. 在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而, 由于古英语的影响, 下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? 六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “ under + 名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制） , under treatment

26、（在治疗中） , under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中） , under construction（在施工中）。例 The building is under construction( is being constructed). 2“ beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信) ， beyond one s reach （鞭长莫及），beyond one s control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond

27、 belief（=cant be believed）3. “above+名词”结构 , 表示“ ( 品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。例 His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“ for+ 名词”结构，表示“适于、为着”。如：for sale(出售 ), for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 5“ in+ 名词”结构，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in

28、print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内 ) ，等。例 The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) 6“ on+名词”结构 , 表示“在从事中”。常见的有：on sale(出售 ) ，on show （展出） , on trial（受审）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 7“ out of+名词”结构； 表示 “超出之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了 ) ，out of sight （超出视线

29、之外），out of ones reach(够不着 ), out of fashion(不流行 ) 等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“ within+ 名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例 He took two days off within the teachers permission 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 7 页精品资料欢迎下载【题型展示】1. A talk on Chinese history in the school ha

30、ll next week . A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give 2. To make our city more beautiful , rubbish into the river . A. needn t be thrown B. mustn t be thrown C. can t throw D. may not throw 3. You may go fishing if your work . A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done

31、4. The trees must three times a week . A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters 5. I won t come to the party unless Sue , too . You mean if Sue comes you ll come ? A. will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited 6. I like my new bike . It very well . A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. h

32、as ridden 7. Mr. Chen has a lond voice . His voice can clearly even in that big classroom . A. hear B. be heard C. be hearing D. have heard 8. It s time to do your homework , Jack . Yes , Mum . I ll turn off the TV as soon as the programme . A. ends B. end C. will be ended D. will end 9. You to the

33、meeting , why didn t you go ?A. be invited B. will be invited C. were invited D. are invited 10. A lot of trees along the river last year . A. planted B. are planted C. were planted 二. 用正确的时态和语态填空1. Nearly everybody here （know ）when the old museum （build ）. 2. The building can （see）from every part o

34、f the city ; It （build ）many years ago . 3. Yesterday Tom （tell ）me that his bike （break ）last week . 4. The students often （tell）to take care of their desks and chairs . 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 7 页精品资料欢迎下载5. Now he （be）asked if the meeting （hold ）next Friday . 6. It is

35、known to all that the moon （turn ）round the earth . 7. Miss Li often （use）a recorder in her English class . But she （not use ）it tomorrow . 8. Vegetables , eggs and fruits （sell）in this shop . 9. English （speak）here . 10. The song （like）by us all twenty years ago . 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 7 页