2022年句子成分及句子结构 .pdf

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1、1 句子结构及成分1. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. He opened the door. The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点 1.Most birds can fly.（）考点 2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点 3.It happened yeste

2、rday.（）考点 4.My watch stopped.（）考点 5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点 6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）考点 7.Shall I begin at once?（）考点 8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（） （）考点 9.When did they leave Beijing?（）考点 10. They left last week. （）2. 实义动词、助

3、动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住” ，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。) I like reading. （like “喜欢 ” ，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买 ” ，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的 “ 助 ” 是“ 帮助 ” 之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词

4、。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.He has arrived. I have been painting all day. Does he like English? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 16 页2 He doesn t have lunch at home. Trees are planted in spring. The house has been pulled down. If he had come yesterday, I w

5、ouldn t have made such a mistake. So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday. 帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did 起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。) 因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven o clock.Did he do his

6、homework yesterday? He has had breakfast. 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i.Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? ii.He does ( ) like ( ) swimming. iii.Where does( ) he live ( )? iv.He does ( ) some washing after work. v.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. vi.The bridge has( ) been( ) built ( ) now. vii.I have ( ) been

7、( )waiting ( ) for you all day. viii.He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone. 情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river. You must stay at home. I might leave tomorrow. 3. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加 to 构成动词不

8、定式，或在后面加-ing 构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加 -ed 构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点 1.Get up early is good for our health. 考点 2.I want go home now. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 16 页3 考点 3.My favorite sport is play football. 考点 4.There is a bird sings in the tr

9、ee. The boy sits over there likes singing. 考点 5.The house was built last year has been sold out. The girls are singing over there are my classmates. 考点 6.My parents wanted him work hard. 考点 7.I remember saw him that day. 8. I saw him walked into the building. 4. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1._ wonderful, this

10、kind of food enjoyed a good sale. A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. Having tasted 2.The food _ delicious sells well. A. smells B. smelled C. smelling D. is smelling 主动关系 ：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.( 在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boy cry , 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系 ：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态

11、。如：The house built last year is the strongest.( 去年建的那座房子 ) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built, 房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。5. 逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“ 宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系” 。He asked me to lend him some money .他让我借给他一些钱。判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填 T，不是的填F) 写作专练 1.I want him to come at once. ( ) 写作专练 2.He lent me some mon

12、ey. ( ) 写作专练 3.He made the boy cry again. ( ) 写作专练 4.The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( ) 写作专练 5.Don t leave the door open at night. ( ) 6. 复合结构He invited us to come to the party. It s important for us to learn English well. It s very kind of you to help me. Tom s coming late made our tea

13、cher angry精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 16 页4 7. 没有人称和数的变化先看下列三组句中have、do 和 be 的变化形式I have a book He has a book. They have a book. I enjoy watching TV. You enjoy watching TV. We enjoy watching TV. He is sleeping. I am sleeping. They are sleeping. “ 人称的变化 ” 是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第

14、几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人） ， be 在第一人称I 后用 am, 在 you 后用 are, 在 he 后用 is; do 和 have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has。“数”是指“单数和复数”。 “数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be 要用 are 的形式， do 和 have 用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be 用 is, do 和 have 要用 does 和 has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He / I / We can swim. 句子成分主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常

15、由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词2.代词3.数词 4.名词化的形容词 （如 the rich）5.不定式6.动名词7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasu

16、re. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true. 改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 16 页5 He failed the

17、 exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill. Beyond the mountains lie a small village. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. Play basketball is my favorite sport. Give up English is not an option.1. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓

18、语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能

19、单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students. Your idea soundsgreat. 2. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a)Our teacher of English is an American. b)Is it yours? c)The weather has turned cold. d)The sp

20、eech is exciting. e)Three times seven is twenty one. f)His job is to teach English. g)His hobby（爱好） is playing football. h)The machine must be under repairs. i)The truth is that he has never been abroad. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 16 页6 3. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和

21、介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 4. 宾语补足语英语中有

22、些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make 等） +宾语 +宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustn t force him to

23、lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. I want your homework done on time. 5. 主补对主语的补充。 含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时， 原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor . She was found singing in the next room

24、. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 16 页7 示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中， 许多情况下， 定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a)副词用作定语一般要后置。People there are very friendly. ( 那儿的人们 ) He didn t like the man down

25、stairs. （楼下的那个人）b)形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist. （我旁边的那个人）c)介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom. （树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）d)现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to

26、say. ( 直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one.

27、She carried a basket full of eggs. It s a book worth no more t han one dollar. It s a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on

28、 meat. ?A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. ?He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. ?There are many clothes to be washed. ?Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. ?Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.精选学习资料 -

29、 - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 16 页8 7. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly. (认真地写，慢 慢 地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material is environmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly. （修饰副词slowly, 因此 very 是副词，作状语）Unfortunately , he lost all of his

30、money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点 时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点 时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year. I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动

31、词之前。You can never tell what he will do. He is often late. He is always helping others. He often came late. 状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。I.How about meeting again at six? II.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III

32、. Last night she didn t go to the dance party because of the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V.She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very 精选学习资料 - - - - - - -

33、- - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 16 页9 interested in business. VIII.The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesn t rain. 14. O

34、n Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 8. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）It s good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _,works in the office. A

35、. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study. A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang s.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. A .Them B .They C .He D .Theirs 简单句的五种基本结构用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）基本句型一： （主谓）

36、这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. ( ) We ve worked for 5 hours. ( ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 16 页10 The meeting lasted half an hour. ( ) Time flies. ( ) 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( ) 2. Gradually a smile appeared on he

37、r face. ( ) 3. He is smiling all over his face. ( ) 4. I did well in English. ( ) 5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( ) 基本句型二： （主系表）系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何辨别系动词 She looks beautiful. (looks 变为 is之后，她是美丽的， 句意没有大的变化， looks是系动词。 ) Look at the picture.(look 不能换为 be, look为实义动

38、词。 ) He felt the book with his right hand The silk feels soft. 辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He cant proved his theory(理论 ). 常见的系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如：He is a tea

39、cher. 他是一名教师。持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand 。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge. 食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years. 房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像”系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem

40、, appear, look。如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 16 页11 Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来” , smell“闻起来” , sound“听起来” , taste“尝起来”。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。变化系动词这些系动词

41、表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true. 他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep. 静水

42、流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实” ， “变成”之意。如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 （turn out 表终止性结果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong. 他预言的结果是错的。用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。1.His advice proved right. 2.The shop stays open till 8 o clock.3.The machine went w

43、rong. 4.All these efforts seem in vain. 5.These words sound reasonable. 6.The room soon became crowded. 7.The days are getting longer and longer. 8.He fell ill yesterday. 9.Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 16 页12 在一个英语单

44、句中，一般情况要有谓语动词要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。改错： Our school very beautiful and we like it very much. Your book on the desk. 基本句型三： （主谓宾）此结构是由 “ 主语 +及物动词（词组）+宾语 ” 构成。如：She likes English. We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday. 用下画线画出下列句中的宾语。练习 1. People all over the world speak English. 练习 2.

45、 Jim cannot dress himself. 练习 3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 练习 4. He did not know what to say. 练习 5. He just wanted to stay at home. 练习 6. He practices speaking English every day. 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give “给”，pass “递”，bring“带” ，show“显示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语

46、一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。如： He gave me a cup of tea. ( )强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+ 直接宾语+ 介词 + 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语+ 介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. ( 不能说Bring me it, please.) 常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to 的） allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pas

47、s, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play( 演奏 ), save, sing, spare等。一般用 to 多些，用for 的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.

48、She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 16 页13 分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。She ordered herself a new dress. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures. I gave my

49、car a wash. I told him that the bus was late. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。1. They appointed him manager. （）2. They painted the door green. （）3. He pushed the door open. （）4. They f

50、ound the house deserted. （）5. What makes him think so? （）6. We saw him out. （）7. He asked me to come back soon. （）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （）9. We all think it a pity that she didn t come here. （）10. I ll have my bike repaired. （）11. We elected him monitor. （）12. Don t keep the lights burni