最新《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案.doc

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1、精品资料新编简明英语语言学教程教案.河池学院课时计划（教案）学 院（系）专 业外语年级（班级） 05级A班课程名称基础语言学任课教师及职称卢贞媛讲师时间2007年3月15日（第1周星期1,2,3）第 节使用教材书名编（著）者版别及出版年月新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊02年7月第1版课 题（章节）Chapter 1课时安排5节教 学目 的let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.教学重点难点I. design features of language ; II. some important

2、 distinctions in linguistics: Speech and writing Descriptive and prescriptive Synchronic and diachronic Langue and parole Competence and performance Traditional grammar and modern linguistics教学方法Communicative Methods教学内容及过程 作业或思考题Homework: exercises 3. 5. 6.教学后记Chapter 1 IntroductionDate: March 12,

3、2007Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguisticsTeaching procedures1. What is linguistics?1.1 DefinitionLinguistics is a scientific study of language. It is a major

4、 branch of social science.Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.A scientific study is one which is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. obse

5、rvation-generalization-hypothesis-tested by further observation-theory1.2 Main branches (scope) of linguistics General linguisticsthe study of language as a whole.1) main branchesphonetics 语音学 the study of sounds used in linguistic communicationphonology 音系学（音位学）- the study of how sounds are put tog

6、ether and used to convey meaning in communication.morphology词法学the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form wordssyntax 句法学 the study of the rules which govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.semantics 语义学the study of

7、 meaning.pragmatics 语用学the study of meaning in the context of language use 2) interdisciplinary (跨学科的)branches of linguistic study sociolinguistics the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society. E.g. language used and social background(the difference between the educated

8、and uneducated people); language used and certain occasion( formal and informal settings); language change and social change (new words) psycholinguistics it aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how wee memorize,

9、 and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication. Applied linguistics findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistic

10、s. In a narrow sense it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 1.3 Important distinctions in linguisticsa. Descriptive vs. prescriptive “描写式”和 “规定式”They represent two different types of linguistic

11、 study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it

12、is said to be prescriptive.Grammar prescriptive Modern linguistics descriptiveb. Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时”The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study

13、is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.Synchronic (modern linguistics) diachronic (historical study)c. speech and writing first learned and taughtd. langue & parole “语言” 和 “言语”The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early

14、 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. (conventions and rules abstract not spoken by anyone stable)parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. (realizations of language concretea naturally occurring event changeable

15、)langue: 1) the abstract system 2) it is social, a set of conventions 3) relatively stable and systematicparole: 1) the actualization of language 2) it is personal, it is the concrete use of conventions 3) it is more variable and may alterWhat linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i

16、. e. to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.e. Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his

17、 language.Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.f. Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsModern linguistics started with the publication of F. de Saussure s book “Course in General Linguistics” in the early 20th century. So Saussure is often described a

18、s “father of modern linguistics”. The general approach traditionally formed to the study of language before that is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” They differ in several basic ways:Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. A linguist is interested

19、in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of “correctness”.Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize, may be

20、 over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. To modern linguists ,it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another.

21、 They are trying to set up a universal framework, but that would be based on the features shared by most of the languages used by mankind.2. Language2.1 Why study language?A tool for communicationAn integral part of our life and humanityIf we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our la

22、nguage, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.2.2 What is language?2.2.1 different senses of language what a person says( concrete act of speech)a persons consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract syste

23、m2.2.2 definitionsLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener).A system-elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They

24、cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. () bkli ()Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.Symbols-words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by convention.Vocal-the primary medium for all languages is sou

25、nd, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human -language is human-specific. Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Lan

26、guage Acquisition Device”(LAD)1.3 Design features of language 语言的结构特征Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.a. arbitrariness-the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link b

27、etween them is a matter of convention. E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese) Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) “dog” gou (Chinese) chien (French)conventionality-It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all

28、speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.There are two different schools of belief concerning arbitrariness. Most people, especially structural linguists believe that language is arbitrary by nature. Other people, however, hold that language is iconic(图

29、标的), that is, there is a direct relation or correspondence between sound and meaning, such as onomatopoeia.(cuckoo; crash)For the majority of animal signals, there does appear to be a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it, And for them, the sets of signals us

30、ed in communication is finite.b. Productivity/Creativity-language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(novel utterances are continually being created.) non-human signals ,on the other hand, appears to have little flexibility. e.g. an expe

31、riment of bee communication:The worker bee, normally able to communicate the location of a nectar source, will fail to do so if the location is really new. In one experiment, a hive of bees was placed at the foot of a radio tower and a food source at the top. Ten bees were taken to the top, shown th

32、e food source, and sent off to tell the rest of the hive about their find. The message was conveyed via a bee dance and the whole gang buzzed off to get the free food. They flow around in all directions, but couldnt locate the food. The problem may be that bee communication regarding location has a

33、fixed set of signals, all of which related to horizontal distance. The bee cannot create a new message indicating vertical distance.c. duality-language is simultaneously organized at two levels or layers, namely, the level of sounds and that of meaning. the higher level -words which are meaningfulth

34、e lower or the basic level-sounds which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words.Dog: woof (but not “w-oo-f ” ) This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a ver

35、y large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.The principle of economyd. Displacement-human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Bee communication: When a worker bee finds a sour

36、ce of nectar and returns to thehive, it can perform a complex dance routine to communicate tothe other bees the location of this nectar. Depending on the typeof dance (round dance for nearby and tail-wagging dance, withvariable tempo, for further away and how far), The other bees canwork put where t

37、his newly discovered feast can be found. Beecommunication has displacement in an extremely limited form.However, it must be the most recent food source.e. Cultural transmission-genetic transmission You acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.The process whereb

38、y language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission.Homework: exercises 3. 5. 6.河池学院课时计划（教案）学 院（系）专 业外语年级（班级） 05级A班课程名称基础语言学任课教师及职称卢贞媛讲师时间2007年3月19日（第1- 2周星期3）第 节使用教材书名编（著）者版别及出版年月新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊02年7月第1版课 题（章节）Chapter 2课时安排5节教 学目 的let the students have th

39、e general idea about phonetics and phonology.教学重点难点Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about phonologyTeaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution 教学方法Communicative Methods教学内容及过程 作业或思考题Exercises in the textbook教学后记Chapter 2 Phon

40、ologyTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about phonologyTeaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution Teaching procedure 1. the phonic medium of l

41、anguageLanguage is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.As we know, there are t

42、wo branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study sound patterns). In this chapter, we will discuss these two branches.2. Phonetics 2.1 What is phonetics? Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concern

43、ed with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.3 sub-branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics-the study of the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics-the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechAuditory phonetics-the study of the perception of speech sou

44、nds2.2 Speech organs (vocal organs)refers to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract: the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity)咽腔, the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various w

45、ays in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds. The pharyngeal cavityLarynx: at the top of the trachea气管, the front of which is the Adams apple. This is the first place where sound modification might occur. vocal folds (vocal cords)声带: Vocal cords are two membranes, the positio

46、ns of which gives different sounds.When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. e.g. p, s, t When they are close together, the airstreams causes them to vibrate and produces voiced sounds. e.g. b, z, dWhen they are totally closed, no air can pass between them, then produce the glottal stop ?The oral cavityThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification.Tongue: the most flexible Uvula小舌, the teeth and the lips