最新《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U2.doc
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1、精品资料新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料U2.Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationSome Ideas Related to Culture and Communication1. Various Definitions of Culture The word culture has numerous meanings. It is said that there are more than 150 definitions about culture. Culture was treated earlier as a complex whole of our soci
2、al traditions and as a prerequisite for us to be a member of the society. Culture can be a set of fundamental ideas, practices, and experiences of a group of people that are symbolically transmitted generation to generation through a learning process. Culture may as well refer to beliefs, norms, and
3、 attitudes that are used to guide our behaviors and solve human problem. 2. Culture as a Way to Satisfy Human Needs a) the physiological needsb) the safety needs c) the belongingness needs d) the esteem needse) the self-actualization needs Abraham Maslow, a psychologist 3. Culture as an Iceberg Cult
4、ure is compared to an iceberg that one tenth of it is above the water and nine tenths is below the water. The part above water is the overt culture which can be seen clearly, while the part below water is the deep culture which is out of our awareness. 4. Characteristics of Culturea) Culture is holi
5、stic. This characteristic underscores the complex nature of culture. As a holistic system, an education system, a religious system, an association system, a political system, and so on, the various aspects of culture are closely interrelated. In other worlds, any change in a subsystem will affect th
6、e whole system. For example, the American Civil Rights Movement brought about changes in different facets of American culture and altered American attitude, values, and behaviors.b) Culture is acquired. We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process
7、 of socialization or enculturation. Interaction with family members and friends is the most common way for us to learn our culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, churches, media, folk tales, and art. c) Culture is changing. Cultures are constantly changing over time. Some cultu
8、res are more open and accepting of change, others tend to resist it. Cultures change in the process of transmission from generation to generation, group to group, and place to place. The American Civil War and Chinas Opium War brought great social and cultural changes to both societies.d) Culture is
9、 pervasive. Like the ubiquitous air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave. Culture combines visible and invisible things around us. Culture is the sum total of human society and its meanings.5. Some Compon
10、ents of Communication The communication process involves the following interrelated elements: the context of the communication, the participants, the message being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal resp
11、onses known as feedback. Context; Source;Encoding; Message;Channels; Noise; Feedback; Receiver;Decoding; Receivers responseReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why? Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir
12、or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Halls definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dime
13、nsions.2What have you learned from those definitions about culture? Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always
14、have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs? Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety
15、needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads? For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very
16、different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment? Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dre
17、ssing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life? We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elde
18、rly,greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries? We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by theEnglish-speaking pe
19、ople. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above? One aspect of context is the physical set
20、ting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or atti
21、re change if you move from one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc? Ones posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, t
22、o a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life? People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everyday com
23、munication? For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address ones boss by his or her title and never to express ones disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication? As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to oth
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