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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流(部分)语言学资料【精品文档】第 26 页Chapter5名词解释Predication答案:Predication refers to the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence; it consists of argument(s) and predicate. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. A predi

2、cate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.Selectional restrictions答案:Selectional restrictions refer to the constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.Naming theory答案:The naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek s

3、cholar Plato, is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, according to which, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for, and words are just names or labels for things.Conceptualism答案:Conceptualism holds the view

4、 that relates words and things through the mediation of concepts of the mind.Behaviorism答案:Behaviorism holds the view that the meaning of a language form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.Contextualism答案:Contextualism holds the view that me

5、aning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context elements closely linked with language behaviour.Grammaticality答案:Grammaticality refers to the grammatical meaning of a linguistic unit (such as a sentence), which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.问答题What is componential

6、analysis?答案:It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning into semantic features, using such labels as +HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE, and so on. Componential analysis makes it possible to show how the words analyzed are related in meaning.What is predication analysis?

7、答案:It is a way proposed by the British linguist G. Leech to analyze sentence meaning, by which the basic unit of a sentence called predication consists of argument(s) and predicate, e.g. The predication of “Tom is smoking.” is: TOM (SMOKE).What is the difference between sense and reference?答案:The di

8、fference between sense and reference is that sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, whereas reference deals with what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.What is sense?答案:Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the

9、collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in, like the definition of dog as a domesticated canine mammal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form.What is ref

10、erence?答案:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. For instance, if we say The dog is barking, we must be talking about a certain dog in the situation; here,

11、 dog refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word dog in this particular situation.综合分析题Analyze Speaker As presupposition in the following dialogue and its possible effect on Speaker B:A: (The first time to invite B to see a film) Hello, Mary. This is J

12、ohn speaking.B: Hi, John.A: Which film do you would like to see with me tonight, Titanic, or Love Me Again?B: Well, .答案:Speaker As presupposition in the dialogue is Mary has promised to see a film with John that evening. He made this supposition probably because he was afraid of Marys refusal to go

13、to see the movie with him. Therefore, he asked Mary to make a choice out of two films instead. The possible effect is that if Mary was careless, or she liked him very much, or she was in love with him, then she might accept his assumption and went with him to enjoy the film. If she was very careful,

14、 or she did not like him, then the presupposition might have little effect on her, and she might well decline his invitation.Chapter6名词解释Constatives答案:Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and thus verifiable (The dress is red).Expressives答案:Expressives are the speakers attempts

15、to express his feelings or attitude towards an existing state, e.g. Im sorry for being late., Its very kind of you to give me advice.Performatives 答案:Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable (I name this ship Elizabeth).Directives答案:Directives

16、are the speakers attempts to get the hearer to do something, e.g. Turn on the light!, Youd better read the book., Your money or your life!Illocutionary act答案:Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention, the act performed in saying something.Declarations答案:Declarations are the s

17、peakers attempts to bring about immediate changes by saying (declaring) something, e.g. I now declare the meeting open., I fire you!Utterance meaning答案:Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.Locutionary act答案:L

18、ocutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses, the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.Sentence meaning答案:Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Commissives答案:Commissives are the speak

19、ers attempts to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action, e.g. I promise to come., I will call you tomorrow morning without fail.Representatives答案:Representatives are the speakers attempts to state or describe, say what the speaker believes to be true, e.g. I have never been to Eng

20、land before., The man is a rich man.perlocutionary act 答案:Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.问答题what is the relationship between pragmatics and se

21、mantics?答案:The relation between pragmatics and semantics is that both are linguistic studies of meaning. But they differ in that semantics traditionally studies meanings of words, meanings of sentences in isolation from language use, whereas pragmatics studies meanings in the context of language use

22、.What is conversational implicature?答案:Conversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on an addressees assumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims or at least the cooperative principle. It occurs when any of the four maxims is violated.How are sentence meani

23、ng and utterance meaning different from each other?答案:Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. Whereas utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context. So the

24、difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning is that the former is abstract and decontextualized, while the latter is concrete and context-dependent.How does a sentence differ from an utterance?答案:A sentence and an utterance differ in that a sentence is a grammatical and self-contained

25、unit in isolation from context, whereas utterance is something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose.What is context?答案:Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer (e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of

26、 what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other).综合分析题1. Analyze the following dialogue by applying the Cooperative Principle:A: Where is John?B: He must be some

27、where in the city.答案:The Cooperative Principle refers to the general principle that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, or it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required

28、at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. It comprises four maxims: of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The violation of any of these maxims results in what Grice terms conversational implicature. In the dialogue given

29、, Speaker B violates the maxim of quality. One possible interpretation is that he does not want to let A know about John.2. Analyze the following dialogue by applying the speech act theory:Father said to Son: You got up late again today.答案:According to Austins new model of speech acts, a speaking mi

30、ght be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.In this example, Fathers words might mean his performing three acts at the same time: Locutionary act: uttering of the sentence “You got up late again today ”. Illocutionary act: aski

31、ng Son to change his bad habit of getting up late. Perlocutionary act: Sons actual act of changing, or sticking to, his bad habit of getting up late in the coming days.3. Analyze the following dialogue by applying the Cooperative Principle:A: Where is John?B: In the t-o-i-l-e-t.答案:The Cooperative Pr

32、inciple refers to the general principle that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, or it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the

33、accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. It comprises four maxims: of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The violation of any of these maxims results in what Grice terms conversational implicature. In the dialogue given, Speaker B violates the maxim of manne

34、r. One possible interpretation is that he does not want to speak directly because the word toilet will invite unpleasant association.4.Analyze the following dialogue by applying the Cooperative Principle:A: Where is John?B: Its going to rain.答案:The Cooperative Principle refers to the general princip

35、le that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, or it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the

36、talk exchange in which you are engaged. It comprises four maxims: of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The violation of any of these maxims results in what Grice terms conversational implicature. In the dialogue given, Speaker B violates the maxim of relation. One possible interpretation is t

37、hat he wants to avoid the topic of “John”.5. Analyze the following dialogue by applying the Cooperative Principle:A: Where is John?B: I dont know. Perhaps Kate knows.答案:The Cooperative Principle refers to the general principle that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willin

38、g to cooperate, or it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. It comprises four maxims: of quantit

39、y, quality, relation, and manner. The violation of any of these maxims results in what Grice terms conversational implicature. In the dialogue given, Speaker B violates the maxim of quantity. One possible interpretation is that he is a kind man.6. Analyze the following dialogue by applying the speec

40、h act theory:Student A said to his friend beside him: I have no money in my card for lunch today.答案:According to Austins new model of speech acts, a speaking might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.In this example, Studen

41、t As words might mean his performing three acts at the same time: Locutionary act: uttering of the sentence “I have no money in my card for lunch today. ” Illocutionary act: Student As asking his friend to lend him some money to have lunch. Perlocutionary act: Student As friends lending (or declinin

42、g to lend) him some money.Chapter 7名词解释Borrowing答案:Borrowing refers to the use of words in a language from another language of a different culture, e.g. in English, bonusLatin; dinnerFrench.Functional shift答案:Functional shift refers to the phenomenon of words shifting from one part of speech to anot

43、her without the addition of affixes, e.g. shoulder (n.)shoulder (v.).Acronym 答案:An acronym is a word derived from the initials of several words, e.g. ITinformation technology; WTOWorld Trade Organization.Blending答案:Blending refers to the formation of a word by combining parts of other words, e.g. sm

44、ogsmoke + fog; motelmotor + hotel.Back-formation答案:Back-formation refers to the formation of a word by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word, e.g. editeditor; begbeggar.Clipping答案:Clipping refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g. gymgymnasium, mikemicrophone.问答题1

45、,What is widening of lexical meaning?答案:The meaning of a word may change through time. The widening of lexical meaning is one kind of change in the meaning of a word. This refers to the case when the meaning of a word becomes broader, that word means everything it used to mean, and then more. Take t

46、he word tail for instance. It once referred to the tail of a horse. But now it is used to mean the tail of any animal.What is narrowing of lexical meaning?答案:This refers to the case that in the course of several generations, semantic change has narrowed the meaning of a word to what it is in Modern

47、English. Take the word girl for instance. It once meant young person of either sex but now means young people of female sex.2,What are causes of language change?答案:Language change can be attributed to a variety of factors. Some language changes may be easy to explain, but others may be difficult to

48、account for. For instance, it is clear to us that the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words (such as telecom, fax). In addition, social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with a great quantity of new words and expressions (such as hot line, shuttle diplomacy). What is more, as more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles (such