初中英语句子成分及练习共19页.doc

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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流初中英语句子成分及练习【精品文档】第 20 页英语句子成分英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。 【问】什么是句子成分？英语句子包含哪些成分？【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。【问】各成分在句中的作用如何？分别由哪些词及短语充当？ 【答】1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或

2、动名词等充当。如：The car is running fast.(名词)We are students.(代词)One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)Its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起

3、构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：He works in a factory.(实义动词)I felt cold.(系动词表语)How can I get to the station？(情态动词实义动词)Do you speak English？(助动词实义动词)They are working in a field.(助动词实义动词)【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：He is doing his homework.(名词)They did noth

4、ing this morning.(代词)She wants to go home.(不定式)We enjoy playing football.(动名词)【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book.Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾间宾)Xiao

5、Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾间宾)有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：I hope to see you again.有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window？有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，

6、forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由

7、形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：What a beautiful kite it is！(形容词)She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)There are two students in the classroom.(数词)We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。5.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修

8、饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：Thank you very much.(副词)I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：He is old enough to go to school.6.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：

9、be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：They are workers.(名词)Two and three is five.(数词)The story is very interesting.(形容词)M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)She is at home.(介词短语)I feel terrible.(形容词)The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接

10、复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：We elected him monitor.(名词)I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)句子成分精讲句子成分：主语、谓语、

11、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。主要成分：主语和谓语1、主语 一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。主语的位置： 一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。The school is far from here. 名词做主语She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语The blind need more help. 名词化的形容词做主语There is a pen on the desk. 名词做主语Predicting the future is interesting. 动名词做主语To

12、be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短语做主语2、谓语表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态.英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词句子的时态和语态是通过谓语表现出来。 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。分析句子的主语和谓语Mr. Li teaches English.He can play the piano.My parents and I are having dinner.3、表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。表语的位置用在动词be和系动词的后面。名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语

13、。Your pen is on the desk.He got very angry.My dream is to have a robot.常见的系动词1. be动词2. 与感觉有关的动词 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示状态变化的动词，意为“变得” “变成” 如 get, grow, turn等上述两类词作连系动词时要用形容词作表语,千万不能用副词。4、宾语 是动作的对象或承受者。及物动词必须跟宾语.及物动词:直接接宾语的谓语动词.不及物动词:不能直接带宾语的谓语动词. 宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.I saw a plan

14、e in the sky just now. 名词做宾语I want three. 数词做宾语I like going shopping. 动名词做宾语We think predicting the future is hard. 宾语从句5、宾语补足语（宾补）有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语(宾补), 有时候句子的意思就不完整。充当宾补的有:1. 形容词作宾语补足语The sun keeps us warm.2. 介词短语作宾语补足语: I found her in the room.3. 副词作宾语补足语。 Please let him in.4. 名

15、词作宾语补足语。We made him monitor of the class.5. 动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语。I asked him to come.6、定语定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的的)1. 形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you.2. 名词作定语: Is it a color film?名词作定语一般用单数形式, 如:school bus,ticket office, paper flowers但也有例外,如: sports

16、 meeting, clothes shopman 和 woman修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如: men drivers , women doctors3. 代词作定语: This song is better than that one.4. 数词作定语: There are only thirty students in our class.带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时,其中的名词要用单数形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5. 副词作定语(放在被修饰词之后):Do you know the young

17、 man over there?6. 介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后):The students in our class like swimming.7、状语 修饰动词,形容词或副词,有的修饰全句, 用以说明地点, 时间, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件, 让步等.1. 副词作状语: The old man is walking slowly. 表方式 The boy is very clever. 表程度2. 介词短语作状语: I have lived in Shanghai for five years. 表时间3. 不定式作状语I come here to see yo

18、u. 表目的4. 现在分词作状语The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式5. 状语从句Well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow.状语的位置1. 在一般情况下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, neve

19、r,用于行为动词前,be动词、助动词和情态动词后I usually get up early.He is often late.一些副词, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末only 在句中的位置比较灵活, 但位置不同, 意义也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.两个或

20、多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 较小单位的状语在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I read the newspapers in

21、the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.划分句子成分练习题（1）1.They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The book lying on the floor are mine6.Suddenly it begins to rain7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterda

22、y8.I always find her happy9.He wonders If I still study English10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine11.We always work hard at English.12.He said he didnt come.13.They love each other.14.What did you bye?15.She watched her daughter playing the piano.16.your job

23、today is to help the old.17.Speaking doesnt mean doing.18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.20.It takes me an hour to get there.答案：1They(主语） are working（系表结构做谓语） on the farm（地点状语） now（时间状语）. 2.Se

24、eing（动词ing做主语）is（谓语） believing （宾语）3.All of us（主语） like （谓语）Kobe Bryant （宾语）very much （程度副词状语）4.She（主语） became（谓语） a doctor （宾语）in 1998 （时间状语）5.The book（主语） lying on the floor（补语） are（谓语） mine （宾语）6.Suddenly （状语）it（形式主语） began to rain （谓语）7.To catch the train ,（目的状语）I（主语） got up （谓语）early yesterday

25、（时间状语）8.I（主语） always find（谓语） her （宾语）happy （状语）9.He （主语）wonders （谓语）if I （条件句中的主语）still study（条件句中的谓语） English （条件句中的宾语）整个条件句做主干的宾语10.The letter（主语） which I received the day before yesterday（定语从句） was（谓语） a friend of mine （宾语） 1.We always work hard at English。主语 状语 谓语 状语 状语2. He said he didnt come.

26、 主句主语 主句谓语 从句主语 从句谓语3.They love each other. 主 谓语 宾语4.What did you bye? 宾 助动词 主 谓5.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 主 谓 宾 宾语补足语6.your job today is to help the old. 主 定语 系动词 表语7.Speaking doesnt mean doing. 主 谓 宾8.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left. 时间状语从句 主句主语 主句谓语9.The ch

27、ildren bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语their marriage.10.It takes me an hour to get there.形式主语 谓语 宾语 真正主语英语句子成分练习（2）(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 (4分，4分钟) The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dict

28、ionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 (10分，10分钟) I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dontB. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usu

29、ally go to school by bus? A. DoB. usually C. goD. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will beB. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. DidB. twinsC. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. TomB. didntC. do D.

30、 his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wantB. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. WeB. hadC. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. isB. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. giveB. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） My brother hasnt

31、 done his homework.AB CD People all over the world speak English. AB CD You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B CD How many new words did you learn last class?A BC D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? AB C D The old man sitting at the gate said he wa

32、s ill.AB CD They made him monitor of the class.ABC D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school.A BCD They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.AB C D(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 (5分，5分钟) The old man was feeling very tired. A B CD Why

33、is he worried about Jim?AB C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B CD Soon They all became interested in the subject.A B CD She was the first to learn about it. A BC D(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 (6分，6分钟) They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B CD What is your given name?A BCD On the third lap are Class 1 and C

34、lass 3. A B CD I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A BCD The man downstairs was trying to sleep. AB CD I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!A BCD(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 (6分，6分钟) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B CD He asked her to take the bo

35、y out of school. A B CD She found it difficult to do the work.A B CD They call me Lily sometimes. A BC D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.A B CD Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A BC D(七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） There was a big smile on her face.A B CD Every night he heard th

36、e noise upstairs. A B CD He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B CD The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. A B CD With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. AB CD She loves the library because she loves books. A BC D I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay

37、for it.A B C D The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.AB CD(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 (5分，5分钟) Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?答案 (一) teacher

38、 man dictionary To do(二) B A C A C C D C A A (三) D D B A B D C D A D(四) D B D C B(五) C C A B B D(六) C C C C D B(七) D A D D A D C D(八) us, 间接宾语a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语英语:句子成分什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补