北太平洋垃圾带的形成与变化Formation and Variation of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch8页word文档.doc

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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流北太平洋垃圾带的形成与变化Formation and Variation of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch【精品文档】第 8 页Formation and Variation of the Great Pacific Garbage PatchXiaoben Liu, Liuwu Shi, Yue ZhaoAbstract We build four models to do a deep analysis on the formation, variation and distribution of the Grea

2、t Pacific Garbage Patch. The first two models are created to research the mechanism of how the garbage island comes into existence from a microscopic scale. The velocity of trash alleviates as time goes on. Trash does its motion in two probable ways, one is due to resistances given by sea water, ano

3、ther is due to damp vibration. Using classic physical theories, we capture main motives propelling trash into the North Pacific Gyre. The third model is a compartment model aiming to find the possible increasing amount of trash in the garbage patch. A function of total garbage amount is extrapolated

4、 from the model. We use this model to predict that the number of plastic debris will be more than three times larger in the next 10 years successfully. In our fourth model, we work out a density function. Using the function, we depict the temporal and spatial distribution of garbage in the ocean. We

5、 also make a simulation reflecting its distributing rules more obviously. At last, we release some suggestions to prohibit deterioration in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.Introduction Where is the largest landfill in the world? Its in the Pacific Ocean, about one thousand kilometers near the shore

6、of America, called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Its a specific area between California State and Hawaii, but until now theres no accurate estimation about its coverage. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is notorious for its high concentration of littered trash, plastic debris. According to a recen

7、t investigation, 80 percent of the trash is from main continents, 10 percent consists of used nets or other fishing tools and the other 10 percent of trash is from passing-by ships. Most of the garbage islands are in oceanic gyres.Undoubtedly the accumulation of garbage has already made huge negativ

8、e influence on the environment. Large amount of oceanic animals die of eating up plastic trash by mistake. Its a critical moment to release some feasible and practical methods to prevent deterioration. Proper methods involve comprehensive information about the object. We verify many basic parameters

9、 characterizing the formation process of the huge landfill. The effect of ocean current is considered as the top factor in transferring garbage to America seashore.We build several models to solve three problems separately: the accumulation and motion of trash on the Pacific Ocean; the increasing ra

10、tio of the garbage amount in Great Pacific Garbage Patch; the distribution of the garbage density in Great Pacific Garbage Patch.The first question The first section mainly discusses the possible motion track and the way how trash pile in the Pacific Ocean. There are two mechanisms of how trash thro

11、wn into the oceanic gyre.Lets start from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. In our analysis, main mechanism for formation of this garbage area is due to force reactions on trash. As trash is floating in the current, it has a velocity similar to that of the current. When trash moves out the current, it

12、 enters a district where no wind exists. Forced by water resistances, the initial velocity decreases with a certain acceleration. Finally trash stays static in some area in the oceanic gyre. As time goes on, more trash accumulates in the district, forming a garbage patch. Assumptions Velocity of tra

13、sh is low enough to calculate resistance given by water using the formula: .All the debris has discrete motion without conglomeration.Oceanic surface out of the currents is considered to be static.Ignore the differences generated by various figures.Glutinosity of sea water is neglected.Our first mod

14、elAccording to our discovery, the North Pacific Current doesnt keep its motion direction as a uniform straight line. As we can see from Figure 1, the North Pacific Current branches near the pacific garbage patch. Consequently trash is conveyed inside the oceanic gyre. Figure 1 Current flow in the No

15、rth Pacific Gyre.When trash is in the current, its motion is regarded as a static condition relative to the oceanic surface with a communal velocity , as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Trash moving in the current.After moving for a distance, at the crossing where current branches, trash enters the area

16、where no winds blow. As the direction of velocity alters, trash makes a turn and rotates for a certain angel. In this condition, forces imposed on it are completely different. The oceanic surface is static, but trash is floating with a velocity , so trash will be oppressed by resistances, as shown i

17、n Figure 3. Figure 3 Trash moving in the no-wind area.Trash is influenced by three forces: Coriolis Force, and two resistances given by sea water. In our model, we just analyze forces on the direction of . Obviously the velocity is on a decline. Computations for acceleration:-constant of resistanceS

18、o we can extrapolate the equation of velocity:-constant of resistance-the initial velocityThe distance that trash could float before it stops can be computed like below:Weve tested many values for , but keeps its value between 600km and 800km. The result is illustrated by simulation in Figure 4.Figu

19、re 4 Distance that trash can float with different values of .So we reach to the conclusion that, if trash moves with branch currents, entering the no-wind area, the distance that it can float is between 600km and 800km. And there will be a large garbage island about 600km to 800km distant from the N

20、orth Pacific Current.Out second modelThis model is built to solve problems why there are so much trash accumulating near Japan coastline.In this model, we mainly concentrate on the dissipation effect along the current. It makes the water flow move in a radiating way, though the radiating flow is muc

21、h thinner comparing with the main stream. As a result, some trash is pulled into the gyre by the radiating stream. We use damp vibration model to explore how the velocity varies in this condition. The basic equation is:1We make computations to verify how far trash could float in the ocean.Figure 5 D

22、istances that trash could float with different values of .We can see from the pictures that trash travels at a distance varying as the changes. If value of increases, the damped effect enhances obviously, so the distance that trash travels at become shorter. But even is designated to be very small,

23、the travelling distance still keeps on a relative low level from 60km to 180km. So we conclude that the dissipation effect is quite feeble. Trash thrown by dissipation effect will not form in a garbage patch.So garbage accumulation mainly occurs in the gyre (currents junction) between Hawaii and Cal

24、ifornia. But near Japan coastline, as the main motion form is damp vibration, no piling area exists.The second questionHow the amount of garbage increasing in the pacific gyre is the second question. We build a compartment model to resolve the problem. We reckon the increasing tendency can be depict

25、ed with the compartment model.The mechanism of compartment is illustrated in Figure 6. Compartment model is consistent with the dynamic variation of the garbage amount in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The garbage island is regarded as a central room and the oceanic is regarded as an absorbing roo

26、m. Figure 6 Compartment model.-amount of trash carried by the oceanic current per year-amount of trash in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch-amount of trash thrown in the area by oceanic current-amount of trash removed or eliminated from the area is the value of garbage inflow from Asia and America. In

27、 our model, its only related to the growth of society and economy. So its tendency is best described as an exponent function.-the initial amount of garbage carried by the oceanic current per year-a constant determined by realityDifferential coefficient equation:After solving the equation, we can get

28、:Giving an initial value to the equation, its varied into: According to data from the Internet, garbage amount in America increases three times in ten years, we calculate out the value of is approximately 0.1387. Every year there is half of the garbage adding to the island 2. There are also some oth

29、er factors influencing the value of : the ratio of photo degradation, clean-up work done by human. Details are neglected, we only emphasize the synthesis effect of these factors. So we adjust the value of to be 0.3. Here is a sheet showing proportions of garbage from different sources 3 & 4:Sheet 1S

30、ources Proportion of garbageAmount of garbage in 2008(thousand ton)Amount of floating trash in 2008 (thousand ton)Amount of floating trash in 1987 (thousand ton)Fishing defragmented nets.10%6500750163.1Dismissed stuffs from passing-by cargos10%6500750163.1Living garbage from Asia40%260003000652.4Liv

31、ing garbage from America40%260003000652.4So the value of is 1631. The value of is uncertain. But we know that in 2008 the value of is 7000. We use the equation to simulate so as to find a proper . Results of simulation:Figure 7 Simulation results.In this group of pictures, its discovered that the be

32、st choice for is 0.45. Figure 8 When is 0.45, how the amount of trash grows.Conclusion is that if no effective control is launched, the amount of garbage will grow to 26000 thousand tons. The third questionIn this section, we aim to work out the distribution of garbage density in the North Pacific.

33、Trash floats into the area propelled by currents, its velocity decreases continuously. So trash is trapped in the area. The density of garbage becomes larger as distance from the centre of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch decreases. Finally several rings with same trash density on them exist. On this

34、 condition, the main trapping forces are thought to be reactions due to collisions between different plastic debris. From Figure 9, we can see how trash enters the garbage piling area. Figure 9There may be an illegible boundary of the specific area. The outline of the boundary is very complicated, f

35、or convenient analysis, we postulate that the boundary is a uniform circularity. And the direction of the currents is perpendicular to the boundary. Trash enters the garbage area through the direction of the currents. In the area, trash is repelled by other plastic debris accumulating in the area. T

36、he nearer as to the center of the garbage piling area, the stronger the forces become. Influenced by resistances, finally trash stops moving in the sea and stays static in a certain spot. The density of garbage piling in this district can be calculated by equations below.So we get a formula:- distan

37、ce from trash to the boundary of the garbage piling area- an attenuating constant of density.From the picture given in the subject, we capture several points to simulate the garbage density distribution. Sheet 2Longitude(W)Latitude (N)Garbage Density1453710145388145394.5145401.5145410.01Simulation r

38、esults are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 Distribution of garbage density. The tendency of the varying garbage density:Figure 11 Tendency of the varying garbage density.Trash density in central part is much larger than that of the outer ring. Conclusion Trash covers every oceanic gyre. Trash accumula

39、tion mainly happens in currents junctions, such as near the west America coastline. In other areas, the major motion form is damp vibration, so garbage density is lower.Trash inflow brought by currents contributes to the increasing garbage amount. If no control methods launched, the amount of garbag

40、e will triple in the coming ten years.The distribution of trash density in a gyre is convergent, closer to the center of trash area, the density grows larger. World citizens should keep a concept that less use of plastic stuffs contributes to the decline of garbage in the ocean. Its urgent to tight

41、consumption of plastic products. If using plastic products is necessary, the material should have a character of high photo degradation ratio. More cleaning-up projects are needed in the North Pacific Gyre. The accumulated garbage should be removed as soon as possible. References1 Dynamic simulation

42、 based on damp vibration of formation of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. By Haizhuo Lin, Zhe Yang, Bo Xin, Haiming Zhan. 2010 9(16)2 Economic losses generated by the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. By Chen Bin. 2010 (6)3 Economic losses generated by the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. By Chen Bin. 2010 (6)4