定语从句学习口诀9页.doc

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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流定语从句学习口诀【精品文档】第 9 页定语从句学习口诀山东刘永科一、学习定语从句概述“定语从句”，顾名思义，就是句子作定语。它是英语学习的重点和难点，也是各类英语考试，尤其是高考的必考项目。它是复合句中三大从句（名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句）之一，也是最难掌握的一种从句。定语从句的难点在于它的结构特殊，即“先行词+关系代词（关系副词）+从句”。许多学生分不清哪是先行词，甚至忽略先行词的概念，因而不能正确使用关系代词或关系副词，更不清楚定语从句中的一些特殊情况。因此，要想掌握定语从句，就必须弄懂定语从句的本质，掌握其要点：1.什么叫先行词？准确判断出定语

2、从句所修饰的先行词；2.关系代词和关系副词有何区别，正确使用关系代词或关系副词；3.介词置于关系代词之前的情况；4.关系代词或关系副词的省略；5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；6.定语从句与强调句型和同位语从句的区别。二、原创定语从句学习口诀目前，鉴于语法书和其他教辅对该问题讲解得比较复杂，甚至有些混乱，读者对于定语从句以及关系代词和关系副词的用法，经常混淆不清。结合自己多年的教学经验，我特地编写了定语从句口诀，并辅以【讲解】。【口诀】除了让学生背诵之外，更要弄懂每句口诀的含义。该口诀包含了定语从句的基本内容。定语从句口诀力争做到：内容全面，归纳条例；思路清晰，例句恰当；押韵上口，适

3、合背诵。（口诀一）定语从句真奇妙，关系代(副)词来引导，定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号。（口诀二）which指物who指人，地点where时间when,that人或物均可，why之前是reason。（口诀三）从句当中作宾语，whom可以代替who,为了句子更简练，关系代词可省去。（口诀四）关系若是表所属，whose用法不可无。除此之外还有啥，whom, which加of。（口诀五）关系代词不一般，介词经常用在前，此时不用that, who，which, whom才安全。三、定语从句“口诀一”详解定语从句真奇妙，关系代(副)词来引导，定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号。该口诀的意思是，定语从句由关系

4、代词(which, that, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(where, when, why)来引导。请同学们牢记这8个词。定语从句分“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”两种，前者表示与主句的关系比较密切，它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。如果去掉，则会影响句子意思的完整。后者表示与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明而已。如果去掉，主句意思仍然清楚完整。它跟主句之间常用逗号分开，翻译时通常不译作定语，而是单独译成与主句并列的句子。请比较：Tom is a boywho often helps others.汤姆是一个经常帮助别人的男孩。（who often

5、 helps others是限制性定语从句。如果去掉，Tom is a boy.这个句子就没什么意义。）Yesterday I met Tom,who seemed a little upset.昨天我见到了汤姆，他看起来有点心烦意乱。（who seemed a little upset是非限制性定语从句。如果去掉，Yesterday I met Tom.仍有意义。）又如：A doctor is a personwho looks after peoples health.医生就是负责人们健康的人。This is the diamondwhich the lady has lost.这就是那位

6、女士丢失的钻石。The schoolwhere I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.我学习了仅两年的那所学校离家3公里远。I still remember the timewhen I first traveled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时间。（以上为限制性定语从句）Last night I saw a very good film,which was about the Second World War.昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，它是关于第二次世界大战的。My parents live in

7、my hometown,which is about 30 kilometers from here.我的父母住我的家乡，离这里大约30公里。Alice,who is a distant relative of mine,studies in Yale now.爱丽丝是我的一位远房亲戚，她现在耶鲁学习。The house,where a murder case happened last year,has got a lovely garden.那栋房子有一个漂亮的花园，去年那里发生过一起谋杀案。（以上为非限制性定语从句）四、定语从句“口诀二”详解which指物who指人，地点where时间w

8、hen,that人或物均可，why之前是reason。该口诀的意思是，选用什么样的关系代词（或关系副词），是由先行词决定的。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词；连接先行词和定语从句的词叫做关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词），也叫引导词。关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，而且也充当定语从句中的一个成分。例如：They planted some trees which didnt need much water.他们种植了一些不大需要水的树木。（which指物）The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.昨天参观我们

9、学校的那位外国人来自加拿大。（who指人）This is the house where the old scientist once lived.这是那位老科学家曾经居住过的房子。（为了押韵才说“地点where”。意思是说，先行词是地点时，关系词用where。）I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.我将永远不会忘记我加入团的那一天。（为了押韵才说“时间when”。意思是说，先行词是时间时，关系词用when。）Do you know the man that is reading a book over there

10、?你认识正在那儿读书的那个人吗？（that人或物均可）This is a supermarket that sells a variety of goods.这是一家出售各种各样商品的超市。（that人或物均可）I dont know the reason why he is late.我不知道他迟到的原因。（为了押韵才说“why之前是reason”。意思是说，先行词是原因reason时，关系词用why。）【注意】当定语从句由关系副词where, when或why引导时，可以用“介词+which”代替。例如：This is the house where the old scientist o

11、nce lived. = This is the housein whichthe old scientist once lived. I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League. = I will never forget the dayon whichI joined the Youth League.She came around to explain the reason why she was absent from the meeting. = She came around to explain the r

12、easonfor whichshe was absent from the meeting.【注意】并非所有的地点、时间或原因，后面的定语从句都要用where, when或why引导。如果定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，那么，就要用that或which引导。例如：This is the house that/which (不用where) my father built last year.这是我父亲去年建造的房子。（作定语从句的宾语）Do you still remember the days that/which (不用when) we spent in the countryside?你是否还

13、记得我们在乡下度过的那些日子吗？（作定语从句的宾语）I wont listen to the reason that/which (不用why)you have given us.我坚决不听你给我们提供的那个理由。（作定语从句的宾语）五、定语从句“口诀三”详解从句当中作宾语，whom可以代替who,为了句子更简练，关系代词可省去。该口诀的意思是，如果关系代词在定语从句中作了宾语，那么就可以省略。此时，指人的关系代词whom可以代替who，当然也都可以省略。具体地说，who和whom二者都用于指人。语法规定，who在定语从句中作主语，whom在定语从句中作宾语。但在现代英语中，作定语从句宾语时，

14、用who和whom都可以。例如：The boy who made a speech just now is my best friend.刚才讲话的那个男孩是我最好的朋友。（who在从句中作主语，不可省略）I have many friends (who/whom) I can turn to for help when in trouble.我有很多在困难时刻可以求助的朋友。(who/whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略)【注意】在从句中作介词的宾语且介词提到之前时，只能用whom,不能用who。如：I have many friendsto whomI can turn for help wh

15、en in trouble.我有很多在困难时刻可以求助的朋友。The river which/that runs through the centre of the city brings us lots of pleasure.穿过市中心的那条河给我们带来了很多欢乐。（which/that在从句中作主语，不可省略）Do you remember the holiday (which/that) we spent together?你记得我们一起度过的那个假期吗？（which在从句中作宾语，可以省略）The message (which/that) you are looking for is

16、 in todays China Daily.你找的信息就在今天的中国日报上。（that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略）又如：The fish (which/that) I cooked was very delicious.我做的那条鱼味道鲜美。The girl (who/whom/that) you saw yesterday is my girlfriend.你昨天见到的那个女孩是我的女朋友。六、定语从句“口诀四”详解关系若是表所属，whose用法不可无。除此之外还有啥？whom, which加of。该口诀的意思是，如果先行词与后面的名词是所属关系，那么要用whose来引导。wh

17、ose指人也指物，它表示先行词与它所修饰的词是所有关系，本身在定语从句中作定语。I want to help the children,whose parentswere injured or died in the earthquake.我想帮助那些孩子们，他们的父母在地震中伤亡。We must repair the desks and chairswhose legsare broken.我们必须修理那些断了腿的桌子和椅子。除了用whose表所属关系以外，在whom和which前加of也是一个不错的办法。上面两句可以这样表达：I want to help the children,whos

18、e parentswere injured or died in the earthquake.=I want to help the children,of whom the parentswere injured or died in the earthquake.=I want to help the children,the parents of whomwere injured or died in the earthquake.We must repair the desks and chairswhose legsare broken.=We must repair the de

19、sks and chairsof which the legsare broken.=We must repair the desks and chairsthe legs of whichare broken.此外，下面是我们常见的一些类似的表达：Id like a roomwhose windowlooks out over the sea.Id like a roomthe window of whichlooks out over the sea.Id like a roomof which the windowlooks out over the sea.We rushed over

20、 to help the driverwhose carhad broken down.We rushed over to help the driverthe car of whomhad broken down.We rushed over to help the driverof whom the carhad broken down.She has three daughters,one of whomis a doctor.She has three daughters,all of whomare beautiful.She has three daughters,the olde

21、st ofwhom is called Mary.七、定语从句“口诀五”详解关系代词不一般，介词经常用在前，此时不用that, who，which, whom才安全。该口诀的意思是，介词经常用在关系代词的前面。这时，关系代词无论指物或者指人，一律不用that,也不用who，而必须用which或whom。“介词+which”是定语从句中常见的语言现象，也是学生不易掌握的一个语法项目，关键是这个“介词”较难确定。但它是有规律可循的，主要有以下几种情况：1.根据时间、地点、原因跟介词的关系，用“介词+which”替代when, where, why(1)代whenIll never forget t

22、he dayon which(=when) my son was born.我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。（on根据on the day确定）The yearin which(=when) the earthquake happened was 2008.发生地震的那年是2008年。（in根据the year确定）(2)替代whereThis is the officein which(=where) I used to work.这就是我过去工作过的办公室。（in根据the office确定）He forgot the exact spoton which(=where) he had h

23、idden the jewelry.他忘记了埋藏珠宝的确切地点。（on根据the spot确定）(3)替代whyId like you to explain the reasonfor which(=why) you refused my offer.我想让你解释一下你拒绝我的帮助的原因。（for根据the reason确定）2.根据与先行词搭配的具体意义确定介词Ill never forget the timeduring whichI was with my friends in the country.我永远不会忘记和朋友们一起在乡村度过的时光。(during根据the time确定)I

24、 will offer you a better wayin whichyou can do the job.我要给你提供一个做这项工作较好的办法。(in根据a better way确定)3.根据定语从句中动词或形容词的搭配确定介词She bought several clothes,on whichshe spent all her money.她买了几件衣服，这些衣服花光了她所有的钱。（on根据spendon确定）It is the grammar rulesof whichI am not sure.我没有把握的就是语法规则。（of根据be sure of确定）4.根据定语从句所表达的具

25、体意思确定介词Can you see the riveracross whichthere is a bridge?你能看见上面有座桥的那条河？He is swimming in the river,on whichthere is a boat.他在那条河里游泳，河面上有一只小船。Here is the riverin whichI used to swim.这儿就是我过去常在里面游泳的那条河。【注意】有些“动词+介词”短语被视为一个固定的词组，不可分割。这时不能把介词置于关系代词前，如：listen to, look at, look for, look after, care for,

26、hear from, send for等。This is the right book for which Im looking. (误)This is the right book that Im looking for. (正)此外，除了“介词+ which”以外，如果定语从句的先行词是“人”，那么也可以用“介词+ whom”引导定语从句，例如：Mary is the girlfor whomI bought this gift.玛丽就是我为其买礼物的女孩。The personto whomyou talked just now is his father.你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是他父亲。