Unit-8-Christianity分析.ppt

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1、Four Main ReligionsuChristianity 1.5-2.2 billion adherentsFour Main ReligionsuIslam 7th century AD 1.3 billion uBuddhism around 600 BC 350million uJudaism around 2000BC 14 million Origin and History It is rooted in Judaism 1st century AD: founded by Jesus In 135: became independent religion In 313:

2、“Edict of Milan” In 392: became the state religion of Roman Empire In 1054: split into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox. In 16th century: the second break, divided into three branches, resulted in establishment of Protestant.The Bible Official collection of books:Two partsOld Testament: 39 written in

3、 HebrewNew Testament: 27 written in GreekJesus is the Son of God, that He is one with God, and that He was sent here for our salvation. God is the creator of all people, the world, the universe, and everything seen and unseen.Jesus was conceived of the Holy Spirit of God and born through the Virgin

4、Mary.GodJesusHolySpiritChristianityTrinityThe Influence Christianity had a very big impact on Western civilization. Humanist tradition, such as freedom, equality, and fraternity, became the heart of Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Human Rights, and a long-term spiritual driving force of

5、the Western democratic.The Renaissance16th centuryWestern EuropeChristianityChristianityWestern Europe in the 16th CenturyThe Reformation圣巴瑟洛缪之夜圣巴瑟洛缪之夜 密莱斯密莱斯 1919世纪世纪在修道院幽暗的房间中，一位在修道院幽暗的房间中，一位手持利剑的贵族青年前来向过去的手持利剑的贵族青年前来向过去的情人告别。她已经成为修女，因不情人告别。她已经成为修女，因不忍看见即将到来的杀戮和死亡而抓忍看见即将到来的杀戮和死亡而抓住他不放。天色将明，无情的黑衣住他

6、不放。天色将明，无情的黑衣僧人正招手催他出发。他们将在巴僧人正招手催他出发。他们将在巴黎参加一场著名的血腥屠杀，青年黎参加一场著名的血腥屠杀，青年手臂上绑着的白布条表明他属于屠手臂上绑着的白布条表明他属于屠杀者天主教徒一派杀者天主教徒一派密莱斯在这密莱斯在这幅画中以一个十分细微的角度，讲幅画中以一个十分细微的角度，讲述了发生在述了发生在15721572年年8 8月月2424日的日的“圣圣巴瑟洛缪之夜巴瑟洛缪之夜”的浩劫。当时的法的浩劫。当时的法国国王查理九世表面上支持、笼络国国王查理九世表面上支持、笼络新教的领导人，暗中却怂恿旧教策新教的领导人，暗中却怂恿旧教策划阴谋，利用圣巴瑟洛缨节当天新划

7、阴谋，利用圣巴瑟洛缨节当天新教徒在巴黎集中的机会，发动了一教徒在巴黎集中的机会，发动了一场对新教徒的屠杀，当晚至少有场对新教徒的屠杀，当晚至少有30003000人被屠戮。人被屠戮。 Historical Background Culture Politics Economy Religion IndependenceReformersRenaissanceIndulgenceChristianityChristianityWhat leads to the Reformation ?Selling the Indulgences In 1517, a preacher named Tetzel

8、 came to a nearby village , offering indulgences to those who would contribute to the building of new Cathedral of St.Peter, at Roma. He said: “So soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory (炼狱炼狱) springs.” Causes u Direct causeu Root causeReformation leaders Martin Luther(1483-1546) & 95

9、 theses (Oct.31,1517) John Calvin (1509-1564) Henry Martin Luther (1483-1546)German leader of the Reformation. In 1507, being a priest, he began a career as a theological teacher，later a professor: attacked (1517) Tetzels sale of indulgence, by posting 95 theses on the church door at Wittenburgdevel

10、oped (1512-13) the idea of justification by faithbegan his German translation of the Bible(1521-22) in Wartburg Castle Popularity weakened by his opposition to the Peasants War(1524-25). 95 Theses Wrote 95 Theses attacking Tetzel and others who used indulgences Luther posted the statements on the do

11、or of the Wittenberg Chapel Oct 31, 1517 Typical practice during this time Invited people to debate the issues This officially began the Reformation His teachings were the following: People could win salvation only by faith in Gods gift of forgiveness All Church teachings should be clearly based on

12、words of the Bible All people with faith were equal. Therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for themMartin Luthers ThesesMartin LutherNatureof LifeCommunicationGrace and FaithBible ChristianityChristianityMartin LutherLutherans In 1522 Luther would return to Wittenberg He disco

13、vered that many of his ideas were already being used Eventually Luther and his followers formed the religious group known as the Lutherans70 million Lutherans worldwide (9 million in US)3rd largest Christian faith in world John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer and theologian. Institutes of the Chris

14、tian Religion Fed to Swizerland New leader of protestantism established a church government in Geneva. Doctrines of Calvinism Justification by faith stressed the doctrine of predestination: “ He has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruct

15、ion.” -John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Hohn Allen (Philadelphia, 1936), vol.1, p.228; Vol.2, P181the religious doctrine that The fate of a human after death has been decided by God, and that this is unavoidable. Original sin & total depravity: emphasized the sinful nature o

16、f manDoctrines of Calvinism The absolute sovereignty of God biblical authority was to be set above Church tradition supported a plain style of worship. kept only two sacraments:baptism and the Lords supper(the real presence of Jesus in the sacrament of the Lords supper in a spiritual sense. Bible pr

17、ovided all the guidance a person needed to live a Christian life. Christians gained salvation through grace and faith Certain people were chosen by God for salvation ChristianityChristianityHenry VIII 1509 1547 Henry s Divorce & Roman Catholic Church The Split with Rome - Act of Supremacy (1534) the

18、 Kings highness to be supreme head of the Church of England having the authority to redress all errors, heresies, and abuses, EnglandHenry VIII - King of England Devout Catholic Male heirMarried Catherine of Aragon Catherine gets pregnant! YEAH! Catherine has girl! BOOO! MaryBy 1527 Henry was convin

19、ced that Catherine would have no more children Wanted to divorceThe religious unity in Western and Central Europe of the Middle Ages has vanishedProtestant ReformationChristians were divided into Catholics and ProtestantsChristianityChristianityInfluences of the Reformation The Impacts of the Reform

20、ation Permanently divided Europe into two religious camps Increased religious intolerance :a century of religious warfare Strengthened the power of civilian governments as the Roman Catholic Church lost some of its former power Increased educational opportunities for the people of Europe Increased religious tolerance in the long term: The Edict of Nantes giving the Huguenot of France religious tolerationThank You!