Unit-4-water-cycle(1).ppt

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1、Book 2-Unit 4You may express uncertainty like this:You may express certainty like this:Im not quite sure .Im sure Ill be very much interested in reading your article.More Expressions for Certainty & UncertaintyMore Expressions for Certainty & UncertaintyBook 2-Unit 12 Im quite sure/ certain (that) I

2、m absolutely sure/ certain (that) Im fairly sure/ certain (that) Im sure/ certain about Ive no doubt about Yes, Im one hundred percent sure. Yes, certainly/definitely/of course. Yes, without doubt. Yes, really! Yes, thats obvious.Book 2-Unit 12How to express certainty:How to express uncertainty: Wel

3、l, its possible I suppose, but Im not really sure. Well, it might be, but I doubt it. Well, theres always a chance, but I have my doubts. Sorry, Im not sure. I cant make up my mind whether to do I cant decide Im not really/too sure about Im of two minds about I cant say for certain. I wouldnt be too

4、 sure about Book 2-Unit 12Extra expressions of the same functions:- I dont think there can be any doubt about/as to- There is no/very little doubt in my mind about/as to- Its/Thats my conviction- Im (quite) convinced- Its quite certain that- Im afraid I cant be certain about- Theres some doubt in my

5、 mind about- Im not at all convinced/certain- One cant say with any certainty that- Theres still an element of doubt aboutBook 2-Unit 12Discussion The The unexpected unexpected always always happens.happens.The most unexpected moment in my lifeLearn to understand the cultural implications of this pr

6、overb and trying to find examples in real life in its support.Book 2-Unit 12The most unexpected moment in my lifeStory TellingWhenWhereWhoWhatWhyHowResultBook 2-Unit 4Book 2-Unit 4Wastewater treatmentPhysical, chemicaland biological processes for making wastewater suitable for human consumption ando

7、ther purposes.wastewater99.9%water0.1%wasteWhy wastewatertreatment?Listen to a lecture given by an expert about wastewater treatment technologies. While you listen, take notes and complete the tasks on page 51.Wastewater treatmentwater moleculesWastewater treatment plantAn engineering marvelSewer sy

8、stemIt connects millions of homes, businesses, industries, and institutions to a network of underground pipes which transports wastewater to the wastewater treatment plant before it is released to a river or lake.Three major stepsWastewater treatment plantPreliminary step: mechanical processes separ

9、ate large solids (sand, grit沙砾沙砾) and debris(残渣，废物残渣，废物) from the liquidPrimary step: mechanical and biological processes further separate water from waste materialsSecondary step: chemical processes kill remaining harmful bacteria Natures processes of wastewater treatment and how it is different fr

10、om the engineering processesin the wastewater treatmentNature uses two steps only:1. mechanical process: large solids and debris are separated from wastewater 2. biological process: bacteria, fungi and algae will eat away the remaining pollutants in the wastewaterNotes: fungi is the plural form of f

11、ungus真菌 algae海藻 Nature does not use chemical process to kill harmful bacteria, fungi or algae, which consume pollutants in wastewater. Book 2-Unit 4Byproducts of wastewater treatment and their usesSludge: a kind of mud which can be applied to the farmland as fertilizer when it is dried. The expert c

12、alls it soil conditioner. 下水道的污泥下水道的污泥 Feature of language for describing scientific andtechnological knowledgeSimple present tenseHigh degree of certaintyReading and Language ActivitiesBook 2-Unit 4 Pre-reading Task Comprehension Work Language WorkOutlineBook 2-Unit 4Return to Menu How much do you

13、know about Singapore?(history, official languages, population, economy, etc.)2. What else are you interested to know about this little city-state? Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing _ from wastewater and household _. It includes physical, chemical, and bio

14、logical processes to remove physical, chemical and biological pollutants. Its objective is to produce an _ fluid waste stream (or treated effluent 废水废水) and a solid waste (or treated _) suitable for disposal or _ (usually as farm fertilizer). Using _ technology it is now possible tore-use sewage eff

15、luent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to _ such technology on a production scale in its production of . advanced sewage reuse implement contaminants environmentally-safe sludge contaminantssewageenvironmentally-safesludgeadvancedreuseimplement NEWater is the brand name giv

16、en to _ water produced by Singapores Public Utilities Board. More _, it is treated wastewater (sewage) that has been _ using advanced membrane technology (膜化学技术膜化学技术) in addition to _ water treatment processes. The water is potable (可饮用的可饮用的) and is consumed by humans, but is mostly used for industr

17、y requiring high _ water. The Singapore Water Reclamation Study (NEWater Study) was initiated in 1998, withan aim to determine if NEWater was a viable (可行的可行的) source of raw water for Singapores needs and to _ reliance on water imported from MalaysiaBy 2060, NEWater is projected to meet 50% of Singa

18、pores future water demand. reduce conventional specifically reclaimed purified purity reclaimedpurifiedconventionalpurityreducespecificallyBook 2-Unit 4When Singapore became independent, what problems did it face in terms of resources, and how did it address these problems?Comprehension QuestionsBoo

19、k 2-Unit 4lSingapore is characterized by (a) small size; and (b) lack of natural resources;lSince its independence, Singapore has been struggling with its biggest enemy of lack of natural resources.lThey made treaties with Malaysia for fresh water supplies as the two countries are very close. 2. How

20、 did Singapore gain water independence?Book 2-Unit 4l Instead of flushing waste into the sea, Singapores water utility collects the countrys wastewater, purifies it, and returns it to the public supply. In this way, Singapore has reduced the water cycle to an island-ringing loop.3. What were the rea

21、ctions of manufacturers and ordinary Singaporeans to the treated water when it was introduced? How did the water utility make them accept the recycled water? l In the beginning, manufacturers were concerned about whether the purity of the treated water reached the industrial requirements or standard

22、s. But the confusion was cleared out when the water utility confirmed that the ultra-pure water was even cleaner than most drinking water. l Singaporeans, at first, felt nauseous(讨厌的) about the idea of drinking the wastewater. However, most of them finally accepted the recycled water after some nati

23、onal publicity of the water (for instance, “patriotic Singaporeans drink wastewater”). 4. How to understand “it can be said that the country has merely substituted one form of dependence for another” (para. 9)?Book 2-Unit 4l Singapore needs a lot of energy for wastewater treatment. The electricity b

24、ill will be very large for the country because it depends on the natural gas imported from other countries. l Thus, it can be said that it is one form of dependence (dependence on imported gas from other countries) and substitute another (dependence on the water imported from Malaysia).5. What is th

25、e trade-off of the wastewater treatment project? How did Singapore solve this problem? Do you think it is successful?Book 2-Unit 4l The trade-off is the heavy burden of power supply for wastewater treatment. Singapore must pay a large electricity bill since it is dependent on the natural gas importe

26、d from other countries, so to some degree, it did not solve the problem of water shortage. l Singapore charges all its customers the additional cost for purifying extra water. 6. Read the scientific report (Task C Cloze) on the situation of water supply in the world. What lessons can we draw from th

27、e Singaporean practice?Book 2-Unit 4l Many lessons can be drawn from the Singaporean experience: better management of water/energy use, technologies to purify water which China needs to improve its rank in the WPI (Water Poverty Index). Difficult Sentences and language points 1. To address the probl

28、em, the government negotiated treaties with his neighbor country Malaysia to build a supply pipe at a cost to provide fresh water to this port city. suffering a loss (in order to have something) Here it means it is not cheap for Singapore to have the fresh water and it may have cost them some loss.

29、In order to solve the problem, the government imported fresh water from his neighbor country Malaysia under a costly treaty. Book 2-Unit 4Book 2-Unit 4Addressvt: to make a formal speech to; speak to; to deal with e.g. He addressed the audience in an eloquent speech. How shall we address a prince? Ou

30、r Chinese teacher addressed me in low tones.Chinese government has tried many methods to address the issue of income gap.vtreaty: a written agreement between two states or sovereigns 条约；协议, 协商vmultilateral/bilateral/unilateral treatyvbe in treaty with sb. for v为某事与某人谈判vmake treaty v立约, 订合同vwithdraw

31、from treaty v退出条约vat a cost:以的价格vat all costs: vEg: The bridge must be repaired within three days at all costs. v要不惜一切代价在三天内把桥修好。 v vat cost: 按成本价格出售的货物vat the cost of sth. 以牺牲某事物为代价vEg: 年轻女士牺牲健康来减肥是不可取的。vIt is not good for young ladies to keep slim at the cost of their health. 2. Six years later, t

32、he city-state has both gained territorial independence, and managed to bootstrap its way to wealth in spite of a lack of water and energy. Six years later, Singapore gained territorial independence and became wealthy all by its own efforts despite its shortages of water and energy.Book 2-Unit 4becom

33、e wealthy independentlypull (oneself) up by ones own bootstraps=help oneself with unaided effort靠自己的努力出人头地靠自己的努力出人头地bootstrap (v): help (oneself) without the aid of others e.g. She spent years bootstrapping herself through college.Book 2-Unit 4bootstrap: Noun. 拔靴带拔靴带 by ones bootstraps: help oneself

34、 all by ones own efforts, or independentlypull (oneself) up by ones own bootstraps = to help oneself with unaided effort 口口靠自己的努力出人头地靠自己的努力出人头地, 靠自己的努力成功靠自己的努力成功e.g. I admire him for pulling himself up by his own bootstraps.Adj ？Conservatives would defy our efforts at bootstrap improvements. 保守派会蔑视我

35、们从根本上变革的努力。保守派会蔑视我们从根本上变革的努力。3. And now, against all odds complete water independencefrom both Malaysia and even the weatheris within easy reach. although there are great difficulties Although there are great difficulties, now Singapore is very close to water independence both from Malaysia and the

36、weather.be close enough to touchBook 2-Unit 4What is the function of the dash here?Note that Singapore relies on four sources of water supply: rain watercollection, freshwater import, NEWater, and seawater desalination.vagainst all odds: although there are great difficultiesve.g. Against all odds, h

37、e finished the work.v We applaud this kind of person when they climb mountains, cross deserts, sail oceans and survive against incredible odds.vrather than: v1.(要)而不, 与其倒不如 v我们与其在礼堂里开会, 不如在教室开会。v Well have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the auditorium.v2.instead of sb/sth 而不是v他们这样增加了而不是

38、减少了粮食年产量。v They thus increased their annual grain production rather than diminished it.Book 2-Unit 4utility (n):countable usually plural: a service such as gas or electricity provided for people to use(水电煤气等基本设施水电煤气等基本设施):e.g. Does your rent include utilities?public utility: a private company that i

39、s allowed by the government to provide important services such as gas, electricity, water etc.uncountable: the quality of being useful, or the degree to which something is useful(功用功用, 效用效用)e.g. Their research project has limited practical utility.utilize (v): (formal) to use something for a particu

40、lar purposee.g. We must consider how best to utilize what resources we have.Book 2-Unit 4 pristine prsti:n adj. fresh and clean; primitive（新鲜，清洁的；原始的）（新鲜，清洁的；原始的）e.g. Expedition Finds Remote, Pristine Rainforest. He wiped his fingers on his pristine handkerchief.short-circuit (v.): a, Youve short ci

41、rcuited the washing machine. 你把洗衣机弄短路了。你把洗衣机弄短路了。 b, to get something done without going through the usual long methodse.g. I short-circuited the whole process by a simple telephone call. c, to bypass (a procedure, regulation, etc), impede, hinder, or frustrate (plans, etc.): e.g. Bad weather short-

42、circuited my vacation plans.vreduce something to something: to change something into a shorter simpler formve.g. Many jobs can be reduced to a few simple points.vreduce somebody to doing something: to make someone do something they would rather not do, especially when it involves behaving or living

43、in a way that is not as good as before:ve.g. Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.vrelish: verb transitive to enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happenv近义表达：近义表达：take pleasure in, receive/derive pleasure from, get enjoyment fromvrelish the prospect

44、/thought/ideave.g. I dont relish the thought of you walking home alone.v He didnt relish the prospect of having to explain his behavior.v他不喜欢对他自己的所作所为作出解释。他不喜欢对他自己的所作所为作出解释。4. Rejuvenating the waste stream requires electricity to power an intensive cleaning process, and that investment makes the rec

45、ycled water more expensive than what is used by cities blessed with nearby freshwater lakes, rivers, and aquifers. give new life or energy; make younger or more youthful Here “rejuvenate” means “recycle” or “reclaim”Electricity is needed to supply power for purifying the wastewater. That investment

46、makes the recycled water more expensive than the water used by cities which benefit from nearby freshwater lakes, rivers, and large reservoirs.be blessed with: having good fortune, bestowed or conferred upon e.g. Were both blessed with good health.sentencestructure?vrejuvenate rdu:vnet :vmake younge

47、r or more youthful 使变得使变得年轻年轻, vreturn to life; get or give new life or energy使恢复活力使恢复活力ve.g. Irans leaders think a nuclear weapon could rejuvenate their tired revolution.v I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated.5. But presented with a set of tough choices, Singapore chose water recyclingand s

48、o far it has worked admirably. Book 2-Unit 4present somebody with something: 提出提出;呈现呈现;赠予赠予 e.g. Falling interest rates present the firm with a new problem.He was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award this year, by the Academy Award. The full sentence should be like what?When Singapore faced

49、 several difficult choices, it chose water recycling. Till now, it has worked very well and helped Singapore gain a reputation for it. vradical:va radical change or difference is very big and importantve.g. Radical differences within the group began to appear.v Radical ideas are very new and differe

50、nt, and are against what most people think or believe.vpilot: the person who control an airplane; a trial or a prototype serving as a tentative model for future experiment or developmentve.g. pilot film; a pilot projectv我们正在为这种新产品做试销调查，看它的销路好不好。我们正在为这种新产品做试销调查，看它的销路好不好。vWe are doing a pilot study to