最新土木工程专业英语课件Unit 3PPT课件.ppt
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1、本课程教师介绍本课程教师介绍 胡晓依,女,讲师,结构工程胡晓依,女,讲师,结构工程专业博士,曾讲授专业英语、结构专业博士,曾讲授专业英语、结构力学、钢结构、大跨度结构、概预力学、钢结构、大跨度结构、概预算、工程经济等课程。算、工程经济等课程。 Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone(石灰石)(石灰石) and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder(磨成粉末)(磨成粉末). It is mix
2、ed at or near the construction site (施工现场)(施工现场)with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients (配料)(配料)produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or eve
3、n sprayed into (喷射成)(喷射成)all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other(互补)(互补). 现代水泥发明于现代水泥发明于18241824年,称为波特兰水泥。它是石灰石年,称为波特兰水泥。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物,加热后磨成粉末。在或靠近施工现场,将和粘土的混合物,加热后磨成粉末。在或靠近施工现场,将水
4、泥与砂、骨料(小石头、压碎的岩石或砾石)、水混合而水泥与砂、骨料(小石头、压碎的岩石或砾石)、水混合而制成混凝土。不同比例的配料会制造出不同强度和重量的混制成混凝土。不同比例的配料会制造出不同强度和重量的混凝土。混凝土的用途很多,可以浇筑、泵送甚至喷射成各种凝土。混凝土的用途很多,可以浇筑、泵送甚至喷射成各种形状。混凝土具有很大的抗压强度,而钢材具有很大的抗拉形状。混凝土具有很大的抗压强度,而钢材具有很大的抗拉强度。这样,两种材料可以互补。强度。这样,两种材料可以互补。 They also complement each other in another way: they have almo
5、st the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where(在(在情况下)情况下) both compression and tension are factors(主要因素)(主要因素). Steel rods(钢筋)(钢筋) are embedded in(埋入)(埋入)concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will deve
6、lop(出现)(出现). Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond - the force that unites(粘合)(粘合) them - that the steel cannot slip(滑移)(滑移) with the concrete. Still(还有)(还有) another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid(酸)(酸) corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reac
7、tion, the opposite of acid. 它们也以另外一种方式互补:它们几乎有相同的收缩率和它们也以另外一种方式互补:它们几乎有相同的收缩率和膨胀率。因此,它们在拉、压为主要因素时能共同工作。在出膨胀率。因此,它们在拉、压为主要因素时能共同工作。在出现拉力的混凝土梁或结构中,将钢筋埋入混凝土而成钢筋混凝现拉力的混凝土梁或结构中,将钢筋埋入混凝土而成钢筋混凝土。混凝土与钢筋形成如此强大的结合力土。混凝土与钢筋形成如此强大的结合力这个力将它们粘这个力将它们粘合在一起合在一起以致于钢筋在混凝土中不会滑移。还有另一个优以致于钢筋在混凝土中不会滑移。还有另一个优势是钢筋在混凝土中不会锈蚀。
8、酸能腐蚀钢筋,而混凝土会发势是钢筋在混凝土中不会锈蚀。酸能腐蚀钢筋,而混凝土会发生碱性的化学反应,与酸相反。生碱性的化学反应,与酸相反。 The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices(施工作业)(施工作业). It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it becam
9、e much simpler to build fire-resistant floors(防火地面)(防火地面). Both these changes served to(有利于)(有利于) reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect(建造)(建造)buildings with greater heights and longer spans. 结构钢与钢筋混凝土的采用使传统的施工作业发结构钢与钢筋混凝土的采用使传统的施工作业发生了明显的变化。对多层建筑,再也没必要采用厚的生了明显的变化。对多层建筑,再
10、也没必要采用厚的石墙或砖墙,且施工防火地面变为容易得多。这些变石墙或砖墙,且施工防火地面变为容易得多。这些变化有利于降低建筑的成本。它也使建造高度更高和跨化有利于降低建筑的成本。它也使建造高度更高和跨度更大的建筑物成为可能。度更大的建筑物成为可能。 Since the weight of modern structures is carried(承受)(承受) by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out
11、the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls(承重墙)(承重墙). Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various c
12、ombinations. 由于现代结构的重量由钢或混凝土框架承受,墙由于现代结构的重量由钢或混凝土框架承受,墙体不再支承建筑物。它们成为幕墙,将日晒风吹雨打体不再支承建筑物。它们成为幕墙,将日晒风吹雨打阻挡在外,而让光线进入。在较早的钢或混凝土框架阻挡在外,而让光线进入。在较早的钢或混凝土框架建筑中,幕墙一般由砌体构成;它们具有承重墙的结建筑中,幕墙一般由砌体构成;它们具有承重墙的结实外观。但是今天,幕墙通常由轻质材料组成,如玻实外观。但是今天,幕墙通常由轻质材料组成,如玻璃、铝或塑料,并形成不同的组合。璃、铝或塑料,并形成不同的组合。 Another advance in steel con
13、struction(结构)(结构) is the method of fastening together(连在一起)(连在一起) the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw(圆头螺丝钉)(圆头螺丝钉) without threads(螺纹)(螺纹). It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel(钢构件)(钢构件), and a
14、second head is formed at the other end by hammering(锤击)(锤击)it to hold it in place(固(固定就位)定就位). Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting(熔化)(熔化) a steel material between them under high heat. 钢结构中的另一个进步是梁的连接方式。在很多年里,钢结构中的另一个进步是梁的连接方式。在很多年里,
15、连接的标准方式是铆接。铆钉是个有头的螺栓,看上去象个连接的标准方式是铆接。铆钉是个有头的螺栓,看上去象个没有螺纹的圆头螺丝钉。铆钉加热后穿过钢构件之间的孔洞,没有螺纹的圆头螺丝钉。铆钉加热后穿过钢构件之间的孔洞,并通过锤击另一端而形成第二个铆钉头,从而将其固定就位。并通过锤击另一端而形成第二个铆钉头,从而将其固定就位。如今铆接已大量地被焊接所替代,钢构件间的连接通过在高如今铆接已大量地被焊接所替代,钢构件间的连接通过在高热下熔化它们之间的钢材料(即焊条)进行。热下熔化它们之间的钢材料(即焊条)进行。 Prestressed concrete is an improved form of rei
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