[英语]状语从句.ppt

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1、英语英语状语从句状语从句状语从句指整个句子用作状语时。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句通常用逗号与主句隔开。 一、时间状语从句一、时间状语从句 概念：概念：在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。(在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持一致。） 要点要点:时间状语从句，由以下连词引导： when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time

2、在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。 1.由由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句例如： When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground ,it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts

3、out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim？ 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。 Our headmaster laughed as

4、 she spoke.我们的校长一边谈一边笑。 when, while和和as的区别的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬间动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬间动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的， 并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。 并且whil

5、e有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as

6、表示“一边一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） when 引导时间状语从句具体地说，它有以下几种含义： 1表明一个动作发生的时候，另一个动作正在进行之中。例如： When the teacher came into the classroom ，we were reading English当老师走进教室时，我们正在读英语。 2表明当某一动作正在进行时，另一动作发生了。如： When Kate was flying a kite，she found a

7、wallet lying on the ground凯特正在放风筝时，她发现地上有个钱包。 特别提示当when从句放在主句之后时，它更强调某一动作的突然性，此时的when相当于and then，and suddenly，just at that time。如； 1We were watching TV when the telephone rang（We were watching TV and suddenly the telephone rang）我们正在看电视，（突然）电话铃响了。 试比较：When we were watching TV， the telephone rang我们正在看

8、电视时，电话铃响了。 2The boys were playing football when it began to rain男孩子们正在踢球时，（不料）开始下雨了。 3I was taking a walk when I came across Lily我正在散步时，（没想到）遇见了莉莉。 特别是主句中有just，或when从句中有suddenly时，这种突然性更为明显、强烈。2.由由before和和after引导的时间状语从句。引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。

9、当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arriv

10、ed.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 3.由由till或或until引导的时间状语从句。引导的时间状语从句。till和

11、until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：until的主句谓语动词用延续性动词，而 not until的主句谓语动词用两种都可以。I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 I worked until he c

12、ame back.我工作到他回来为止。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 Until 直到.为止, not until直到才 肯定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时，动词必须是延续性的。 否定形式表达的意思是直至某时才做某事。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 （在肯定句中可用before代替 Let”s get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句： She didn”t arr

13、ive until 6 o”clock. 她直到6点才到。 否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 (1)Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。 (2) It is not until that这是一个强调结构。如本题。 4.由由si

14、nce引导的时间状语从句。引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词,但是主句的谓语动词一定是延续性动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但但在在It is 时间时间since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？ 知识扩展知识扩展 1. It is

15、since从。以来多长时间了It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。 It was years since I had visited my hometown and I was determined to enjoy my stay.2. It +be + before(。才) It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。 It was an hour before(until) the police arrived. 过了一个小时，警察才来。 Sci

16、entists say it may be five years before it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein had

17、almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 since一、若主句的谓语动词是现在时态，从句的谓语动词是非持续性动词，则从句的动词只能用一般过去式： IIt is (or has been) two months since he fell ill(不能用has or had fallen ill)(自)他生病(以来)已有两个月了。 2It has been (or is) about ten minutes since the film began(不能用has or had begun)(自)电影开演(到现在)大约已有10分

18、钟了。 二、若主句和从句的谓语动词都是过去时态，从句的谓语动词又是非持续性动词 ，主句和从句的谓语动词时态搭配则有四种情况： IIt was two months since he fell ill(自)他生病(以后)到那时已有两 个月了。(以下三句的译文跟该句相同) 2It had been two months since he had fallen ill 3It had been two months since he fell i114It was two months since he had fallen ill 三、若主句的谓语动词是现在时态，从句的谓语动词是持续性动词的过去时

19、形式，since从句表示的时间应从该从句动词的终点算起： IIt is(or has been)two months since he was ill(was ill=got well)(自)他病愈(以来)已有两个月了。 2It is(or has been)two months since he lived here(lived here=movedaway)(自)他搬走(至今)已有两个月了。 四、若主句的谓语动词为现在时态，从句的谓语动词是持续性动词的现在完成时形式，则since从句所表示的时问，要从该持续动词的起点算起： 1.Its(or has been)two months sinc

20、e he has beenillhas been ill=fellill)(自)他生病(以来)已有两个月了。 2Its(or has been)two months since he has lived here(has livedhere=moved here)(自)他搬到这儿居住(以来)已有两个月了。 五、若主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词用持续性动词的过去式跟用其过去完成时形式意义相反： IIt had been(or was)two months since he had lived here（had livedhere=moved here)(自)他搬来居住(到那时)已有两个

21、月了。 2It had been(or was)two months since he lived here(1ived here=movedaway)(自)他搬走(那时)已有两个月了。5.由由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I h

22、eard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely,barely)when , no soonerthan相当于相当于as soon as之意之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than

23、 he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped

24、in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 6.由由by the time引导的时间状语从句。引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。 7.由由each tim

25、e, every time, any time和和whenever引导的时间引导的时间状语从句。状语从句。例如： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 You grow younger every time I see you. Any time I call ,it is my son who answer the phone. Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.每当那个人

26、说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。 二、地点状语从句二、地点状语从句概念：概念：地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型， 要点要点:由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导. 例如： 句型句型1：Where地点从句，（地点从句，（there）主句。）主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no r

27、ain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。 You should have put the book where you found i

28、t. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。句型句型2：Anywhere/ wherever地点从句，主地点从句，主句。句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员 知识扩展知识扩展1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语) 1.It will be

29、 mixed school where not all the children are disabled. 他将是一所混合式学校，那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对限先行词起限定作用。) 2.Wherever you go , I go too. 无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处，多用于句首。 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问

30、副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语. 三、条件状语从句三、条件状语从句1.条件状语从句由连词条件状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 引导。引导。 1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩. 3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我就去.) 4.You

31、 will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.) 2.provided(that)/providing (that)I shall go to the park provided that it doesnt rain.Providing I get good marks, I will invite all of you to have a dinner .3.in case 以防Write the phone numbe

32、r in case you forget.4.as long as和和so long as通常译为“只要”。（可放于句首或句中）例如：You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. So long as you work hard ,you are sure to /are bound to succeed.5.on condition thatI will lend you the book you return it on Monday.6.suppose/supposing that:假如you do not

33、come, what shall we do?7.given that:假如she was involved in the case, it is hard for her to clear herself .四、原因状语从句四、原因状语从句 要点要点: 由连词由连词because, since, now that ，as，for，in that 等词等词引导引导 1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。 2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeti

34、ng. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜. 4.I asked her to stay , for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来,因为我有事要告诉她. 5.Now that you are grown up you should not rely on your parents. 6.His request is unreasonable in that he knows that we can no

35、t afford it.难点难点because , since, now that , as , for,辨析辨析 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. Now that you have not finished the work ,I will help you. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句

36、末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 3) as和for的区别： 通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例： As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句） I stay at home, for the weather is cold. 五、目的状语从句五、目的状语从句要点：要点： 目的状语

37、从句由连词目的状语从句由连词 so that, sothat , in order that for fear that ,lest引导。引导。 1.so that 以至, 以便 Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我。 I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以使新鲜空气可以进来。 2.in order that=so that:为了 We shall let you know the details soon

38、in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 3.for fear that (唯恐，以防唯恐，以防) Shut the window it may rain. 4.lest （唯恐，以防）（唯恐，以防） we talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up.六、结果状语从句六、结果状语从句 1.sothat 如此以至于 The scientists report was so instructive that we wer

39、e all very excited. 科学家的报告很有启发性，我们感到很兴奋。 He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 2.so thatHe got up early so that he caught the bus.3. suchthat 如此。以至 Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 So(adv)+adj/adv+a/an +n so pretty

40、 a girlSo+few/little/much/much+n so little moneySuch+a/an+adj +n such a pretty girlSuch+adj +n不可数Such+adj +n复数Such a little girl (little当“小”讲）3.比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little(这四个形容词表多或表少时)连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so

41、 nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowerssuch nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school.

42、He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 1。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over. 我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块. 2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any. 笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你. 3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此之好,以至于我想去散散步. 4。Mike is so honest a man th

43、at we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以至于大家都相信他 (=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此之好,以至于我想去散散步. 七、让步状语从句七、让步状语从句要点要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导引导. 难点： though, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)but的

44、格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的. Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐. Wrong: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents s

45、till treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析辨析 although 不能不能though 那样用作副词那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调放在句末表示强调时要用时要用even though. 1。He is looking fit, though. 但是,他看上去很健康. 考点 2。Even though I didnt understand a word, I kept smiling. 尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。 3。He is quite experienced, he is y

46、oung, though. 尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。 2)though/as 、尽管 Hard as he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3)ever if, even though即使 Well go on a trip even though the weather is bad. 4）while 尽管尽管 While I accept that the man was not pe

47、rfect in many ways, I do actually like the man. 5)whether不管不管 we help him or not,he will fail.6)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter which = whichever no matter how

48、= however no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever 注意：no matter 不能引导名词性从句（错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre giv

49、en.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 八、比较状语从句八、比较状语从句 要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 1. asas 和。一样 She loved the country as dearly as she loved her mother.2. not so(as)as 和不一样 3.thanHis performance was better than I had expected.4.the more the moreThe harder you work ,the more progress you will make.九、方式状语从句九、方式状语

50、从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。 1） as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如： 1。Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 2。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 3。Just as we sweep our rooms, so