2022年年考研英语真题及答案解析 2.pdf

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1、1 2011 年考研英语 (一)真题Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _some claims to the co

2、ntrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _short-term changes inthe function of the heart and its blood vessels, _ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _, a good laugh is unlikely to have _ benefits the way, say, walking o

3、r jogging does. _, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help_the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probab

4、ly does produce other types of _feedback,that improve an individuals emotional state. _one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19thcentury that humans do not cry _they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to f

5、low. Although sadness also _ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz. 1Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike 2Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce 3Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining 4Atransmit Bsustain Ceval

6、uate Dobserve 5Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable 6AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief 7Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected 8Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes 9Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance 10Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious Dinternal 11AExcept for BAccording to CDu

7、e to DAs for 12Awith Bon Cin Dat 13Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause 14Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses 15Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 29 页 - - - - - - - - - 2 16Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold 17Adisappointed Bexcited

8、Cjoyful Dindifferent 18Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted 19Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing 20AEventually BConsequently CSimilarly DConversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.

9、 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points) Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since thesudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favo

10、rable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times, call

11、s him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. ” As a description of thenext music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

12、 For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or evena good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go

13、 to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compet

14、e not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic q名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - -

15、- - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 29 页 - - - - - - - - - 3 uality than today s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the trad

16、itional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive newmusic that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new musichas been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described himas a man who is capable of turning the Philh

17、armonic into “ a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert andthe Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America s oldest orchestra and

18、 the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts appointment hasAincurred criticism. Braised suspicion. Creceived acclaim. Daroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is Ainfluential. Bmodest. Crespectable. Dtalented. 23. The author believes that the

19、 devoted concertgoers Aignore the expenses of live performances. Breject most kinds of recorded performances. Cexaggerate the variety of live performances. Doverestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? AThey are often inferior

20、to live concerts in quality. BThey are easily accessible to the general public. CThey help improve the quality of music. DThey have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels Adoubtful. Benthusiastic. Cconfident. Dpuzzled. 名师资料总结 - - -精品

21、资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 29 页 - - - - - - - - - 4 Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and sai

22、d he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,”McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving w

23、ithout a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn t alone. In recent weeksthe No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanationthat they were lookin

24、g for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plansin response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of reco

25、very begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring

26、 leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that themost attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: ”I cant think of a single s

27、earch I ve donewhere a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet

28、-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be be

29、tween jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it s safer to stay where you are, but that s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. ”名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - -

30、- - - 第 4 页，共 29 页 - - - - - - - - - 5 26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being Aarrogant. Bfrank. Cself-centered. Dimpulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by Atheir expectation of better financial status. Btheir nee

31、d to reflect on their private life. Ctheir strained relations with the boards. Dtheir pursuit of new career goals. 28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansAapproved of. Battended to. Chunted for. Dguarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that Atop perfo

32、rmers used to cling to their posts. Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. Ctop performers care more about reputations. Dits safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? ACEOs: Where to Go? BCEOs: All the Way Up? CTop Managers Jump with

33、out a Net DThe Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid ” media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies today canexploit many alternative

34、 forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approachthe broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by

35、marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketer s owned media become another marketer 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 29 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 s p

36、aid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on itsWeb site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, eff

37、ectivelybegan with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other

38、marketers makesthe site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more di

39、verse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activi

40、sts who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putt

41、ing the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and we

42、ll-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create “earned ” media when they are A obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. B inspired by product-promoting

43、 e-mails sent to them. C eager to help their friends promote quality products. D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature A a safe business environment. B random competition. C strong user traffic. D flexibility in organization. 33. The

44、 author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 29 页 - - - - - - - - - 7 A invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. C may be responsible for fi

45、ercer competition. D deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motor s experience is cited as an example of A responding effectively to hijacked media. B persuading customers into boycotting products. C cooperating with supportive consumers. D taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. W

46、hich of the following is the text mainly about ? A Alternatives to conventional paid media. B Conflict between hijacked and earned media. C Dominance of hijacked media. D Popularity of owned media. Text 4It s no surprise that Jennifer Senior s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “Ilove My

47、Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need torede

48、fine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dam

49、pen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive and newly single mom Sandra Bullock, as well as

50、 the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant ” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you su