2022年高考分类题库考点3 阅读理解.pdf

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1、1 一、科普知识类 .- 1 - 二、广告宣传类 .- 21 - 三、政治经济类类 .- 36 - 四、人物传记类 .- 42 - 五、文化教育类 .- 48 - 六、社会生活类 .- 72 - 七、环境保护类 .- 142 - 八、文学艺术类 .- 156 - 考点考点 3 阅读理解阅读理解 一、科普知识类一、科普知识类 (2015全国卷全国卷阅读理解阅读理解 B) 话题:房间设计和体重词数:321W难度: Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could p

2、lay a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating,for peo

3、ple are often less self-conscious(难为情)when theyre in poorly lit placesand so more likely to eat lots of food .If your home doesnt have enough window 2 light,get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study,people who at

4、e meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing,while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint,go blue. Dont forget the clockor the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70

5、 fewer calories(卡路里)per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time,and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while youre at it,actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down,turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a mea

6、l. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one,total intake( 摄 入 )jumps by 14 percent.And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short

7、,wide glass than a tall,skinny glass. 【文章大意】你的房间的灯光、颜色等和用餐时摄入的量有关,所以和你的体重有关。 25.The text is especially helpful for those who care about. A.their home comforts B.their body shape C.house buying D.healthy diets 3 【解析】 选 B。推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知,专家认为房间的设计和体重的增减有关,所以这篇文章对关心体型的人有帮助。 26.A home environment in bl

8、ue can help people. A.digest food better B.reduce food intake C.burn more calories D.regain their appetites 【解析】 选 B。细节理解题。根据第三段可知,在蓝色房间用餐的人们比在黄色或红色房间用餐的人们吃得少。 27.What are people advised to do at mealtimes? A.Eat quickly. B.Play fast music. C.Use smaller spoons. D.Turn down the lights. 【解析】 选 C。细节理解

9、题。根据第二段可知,明亮的环境会使人减少食物的摄入。根据第四段可知,慢吃且听放松的音乐比快吃好。另外,最后一段告诉我们用小号的餐具也会使我们吃得少。 28.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Is Your House Making You Fat? B.Ways of Serving Dinner C.Effects of Self-Consciousness D.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? 【解析】 选 A。 主旨大意题。 本文主要告诉我们一个人的房间的灯光、颜色等和用餐时摄入的量有关。即与你的

10、胖瘦有关。 (2015安徽卷安徽卷阅读理解阅读理解 C) 话题:科普知识词数:288难度: 4 As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information,are people remembering less?If you know your computer will save information,why store it in your own personal memory,your brain?Experts are wondering if the Internet is changi

11、ng what we remember and how. In a recent study,Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments.She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory.In the first experiment,they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer.The first group of people understood th

12、at the computer would save the information.The second group understood that the computer would not save it.Later,the second group remembered the information better.People in the first group knew they could find the information again,so they did not try to remember it. In another experiment,the resea

13、rchers gave people facts to remember,and told them where to find the information on the computer.The information was in a specific computer folder( 文 件夹 ).Surprisingly,people later remembered the folder location( 位置 )better than the facts.When people use the Internet,they do not remember the informa

14、tion.Rather,they remember how to find it.This is called“transactive memory(交互记忆)”. According to Sparrow,we are not becoming people with poor 5 memories as a result of the Internet.Instead,computer users are developing stronger transactive memories;that is,people are learning how to organize huge qua

15、ntities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date.This doesnt mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent,but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing. 【文章大意】 本文是论说文。文章通过对专家 Sparrow 的实验和研究发现的阐述,说明互联网不是使人的记忆力下降了,而是使人们记忆信息的方式发生了改变。 64.The passage begins

16、 with two questions to. A.introduce the main topic B.show the authors attitude C.describe how to use the Internet D.explain how to store information 【解析】 选 A。逻辑结构题。根据第一段提出的两个问题,结合文章后几段的内容,可知文章对这两个问题进行了讨论、解决。可见第一段提出的这两个问题的目的是介绍文章的主要话题。故选 A。 65.What can we learn about the first experiment? A.The Sparr

17、ows team typed the information into a computer. B.The two groups remembered the information equally well. C.The first group did not try to remember the information. D.The second group did not understand the information. 6 【解析】选 C。推理判断题。根据第二段“参与实验的第一组的人员因知道他们可以在电脑里再次找到他们需要的信息,所以他们没试图记住它”可知第一组的人没试图记住这

18、些信息。故选 C。 66.In transactive memory,people. A.keep the information in mind B.change the quantity of information C.organize information like a computer D.remember how to find the information 【解析】选 D。细节理解题。根据第三段可知“交互记忆”就是人们在使用网络时并不试图记住一些信息,而是记住如何找到某些信息。这说明在“交互记忆”中人们记住的是如何找到某些信息。故选 D。 67.What is the eff

19、ect of the Internet according to Sparrows research? A.We are using memory differently. B.We are becoming more intelligent. C.We have poorer memories than before. D.We need a better way to access information. 【解析】选 A。细节理解题。根据最后一段 Sparrow 的研究发现可知不是人们的记忆力差了,而是人们记忆信息的方式正在发生改变,也就是说人们在使用不同的方式来记忆信息。故选 A。 (

20、2015北京卷北京卷阅读理解阅读理解 C) 话题:透明生物词数:430W难度: Life in the Clear 7 Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as most light can reach.Most of them are

21、extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist in biology,says,“These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless theyre eating it,or unless something is eating them.” And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become see-through?I

22、ts trickier than you might think. The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light,stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and

23、 absorption make an object look different from other objects around it,so you can see it easily. But a transparent object doesnt absorb or scatter light,at least not very much.Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesnt look very different from the su

24、rrounding air or water.You dont see ityou see the things behind it. To become transparent,an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they 8 contain pigments(色素)that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesnt have p

25、igments,so its tissues wont absorb light.According to Johnsen,avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering. Animals are built of many different materialsskin,fat,and moreand light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a mat

26、erial with a new speed,it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light,it is easier to be see-through.Others build a large,clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状的)material an

27、d spread themselves over it. Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge,because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how theyre doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear for these larger

28、animals,staying transparent is an active process.When they die,they turn a non-transparent milky white. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科技说明文,文章解释了生活在海洋里的透明生物的特点、透明原理以及形成机制。 63.According to Paragraph 1,transparent animals. A.stay in groups B.can be easily damaged 9 C.appear only in deep ocean D.are beautiful creatures 【

29、解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的句子 Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch 可知,大多数透明动物特别脆弱,轻轻接触都会对它们造成伤害,故选 B。 64.The underlined word“dead”in Paragraph 3 means. A.silently B.gradually C.regularly D.completely 【解析】 选 D。词义猜测题。由第三段可知,有些动物可以延缓并散射光线,使光线偏离以前的轨道,另一些动物会吸收光线,使其 dead 止于以前的

30、轨道上。根据这个逻辑关系 dead 应为“完全”止于以前的轨道上,故选择 D 项。 65.One way for an animal to become transparent is to. A.change the direction of light travel B.gather materials to scatter light C.avoid the absorption of light D.grow bigger to stop light 【解析】选 C。推理判断题。根据第五段中的句子 To become transparent,an animal needs to keep

31、 its body from absorbing or scattering light 可知,一个动物想要变得透明就要避免它的身体散射或吸收光线,因此 C 项是其中的一个方法,即避免吸收光线,故选 C。 66.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals. 10 A.move more slowly in deep water B.stay see-through even after death C.produce more tissues for their survival D.take effective ac

32、tion to reduce light spreading 【解析】 选 D。推理判断题。由最后一段可知,对于体形较大的动物来说,保持透明是一个积极的过程,需要减少光线的传播,所以答案为 D。 (2015江苏卷江苏卷阅读理解阅读理解 B) 话题:电子废品词数:390W难度: In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers

33、and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was r

34、elatively small in comparison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher inso-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals. Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycl

35、ing process often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape 11 into the environment. Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material,up to 100 times more,than the material contained in the finished produc

36、ts. Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the mines that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装)it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that“

37、the production,distribution,and use of productsas well as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the startfor instance,buying reusable products and recycling. In many countries the concept of extended

38、 producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments incentive to require producers to take respons

39、ibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television? From the governments point of view,a primary goal of laws 12 requiring extended producer responsibility is to

40、 transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers. 【文章大意】 文章主要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。 58. By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to tell us that. A.the weight of e-goods is rather small B.e-waste deserves to

41、 be made good use of C.natural minerals contain more precious metals D.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste 【解析】选 B。推理判断题。根据第二段第二句可知尽管这种电子产品的重量相对小,但是金及其他珍贵金属的含量很高,故选 B 合适。 59. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended. A.from producers to governments B.from governme

42、nts to producers C.from individuals to distributors D.from distributors to governments 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知电子废品管理的费用和责任要从政府和纳税人转移给生产者。 60. What does the passage mainly talk about? A.The increase in e-waste. 13 B.The creation of e-waste. C.The seriousness of e-waste. D.The management of e-waste.

43、【解析】 选 D。主旨大意题。文章最后一段点出了文章的主旨:电子废品的管理问题。 (2015浙江卷浙江卷阅读理解阅读理解 B) 话题:图表词数:602W难度: Graphs can be a very useful tool for conveying information,especially numbers,percentages,and other data.A graph gives the reader a picture to interpret.That can be a lot more efficient than pages and pages explaining th

44、e data. Graphs can seem frightening,but reading a graph is a lot like reading a story.The graph has a title,a main idea,and supporting details.You can use your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just like any other text. Most graphs have a few basic parts:a caption or introductio

45、n paragraph,a title,a legend or key,and labeled axes.An active reader looks at each part of the graph before trying to interpret the data.Captions will usually tell you where the data came from(for example,a scientific study of 400 African elephants from 1980 to 2005).Captions usually summarize the

46、authors main point as well.The title is very important.It tells you the main idea of the graph by stating what kind of information is being 14 shown.A legend,also called a key,is a guide to the symbols and colors used in the graph.Many graphs,including bar graphs and line graphs,have two axes that f

47、orm a corner.Usually these axes are the left side and the bottom of the graph.Each axis will always have a label.The label tells you what each axis measures. Bar Graphs A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts.In Graph 1,we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned,and the

48、y-axis shows how many students earned each grade.You can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement.There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this(See Graph 1). Line Graphs A line graph looks similar to a bar graph,but

49、instead of bars,it plots points and connects them with a line.It has the same parts as a bar 15 graphtwo labeled axesand can be read the same way.To read a line graph,its important to focus on the points of intersection rather than the line segments between the points.This type of graph is most comm

50、only used to show how something changes over time. Here is a graph that charts how far a bird flies during the first five days of its spring migration(See Graph 2). The unit of measurement for the x-axis is days.The unit of measurement for the y-axis is kilometers.Thus we can see that,on the first d