2019年高考分类题库考点3 阅读理解.pdf

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1、1 一、科普知识类 .- 1 - 二、广告宣传类 .- 36 - 四、人物传记类 .- 57 - 五、文化教育类 .- 67 - 六、社会生活类 .- 100 - 七、环境保护类 .- 186 - 八、文学艺术类 .- 202 - 考点考点 3 阅读理解阅读理解 一、科普知识类一、科普知识类 (2014重庆卷C)话题:生活词数:259w难度: The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly.Sadly,biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing

2、 such a thing without artificial aidwe simply weigh too much,and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet,resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink. However, several types of animals can walk on water.One of the most interesting is the common basiliskBasilicus basilicus,a l

3、izard( 蜥蜴)native to Central and South America.It can run across water for a distance of several meters,avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface with its feet.The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward.For humans to do this,wed need huge feet that we

4、could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate“hitting”. But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough 2 of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot),you can create a“non-Newtonian”liquid that doesnt behave like normal water.Now,if the surface of t

5、he water is hit hard enough,particles( 粒子 )in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard.Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour. Fun though all this may sound,its still rather

6、messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.If you must do it,then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sinkand take a shower afterward! 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。水上行走虽然非常有趣,从理论来说是可能的,但在实践中是不切实际的,这主要是由人体的局限性造成的。 44.Walking on water hasnt become a reality mainly because humans.

7、 A.are not interested in it B.have biological limitations C.have not invented proper tools D.are afraid to make an attempt 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的 Sadly,biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing.可知,水上行走不能实现是3 由人体的局限性造成的。 45.What do we know aboutBasilicus basilicusfrom the passage? A.

8、It is light enough to walk on water. B.Its huge feet enable it to stay above water. C.It can run across water at a certain speed. D.Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water. 【解析】选 C。推理判断题。根据第二段中的 It can run across water.will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward.可知,Bas

9、ilicus basilicus 可以以一定的速度在水上跑。 46.What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage? A.To create a thick liquid. B.To turn the water into solid. C.To help the liquid behave normally. D.To enable the water to move rapidly. 【解析】选 A。细节理解题。根据第三段中的 particles in the water group together for a

10、 moment to make the surface hard 可知,玉米粉的功能是形成浓厚的液体,以形成坚硬的表面。 47.What is the authors attitude toward the idea of humanswalking on water? A.It is risky but beneficial. B.It is interesting and worth trying. C.It is crazy and cannot become a reality. 4 D.It is impractical though theoretically possible.

11、【解析】 选 D。 观点态度题。 根据最后一段中的 Fun though all this may sound,its still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.可知,作者认为水上行走虽然从理论来说是可能的,但是不切实际。 (2014辽宁卷C) 话题:树木生存法则词数:267W难度: Would it surprise you to learn that, like animals,trees communicate with each other and pass on th

12、eir wealth to the next generation? UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest,Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact,the opposite is true:trees survive through th

13、eir co-operation and support,passing around necessary nutrition“depending on who needs it”. Nitrogen(氮)and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi(真菌)networks,making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy.This

14、hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons( 神 经 元 )in our brains,and when one tree is destroyed,it affects all. Simard talks about“mother trees”,usually the largest and oldest 5 plants on which all other trees depend.She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the ne

15、xt generation,transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow.When humans cut down“mother trees”with no awareness of these highly complex“tree societies”or the networks on which they feed,we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest. “We didnt take any no

16、tice ofit,”Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying,but we never give them chance.”If we could put across the message to the forestry industry,we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future. 【文章大意】本文主要讲述了与达尔文的“适者生存论”

17、相反的how tree societies work 这一新发现。 29.The underlined sentence“the opposite is true”in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees. A.compete for survival B.protect their own wealth C.depend on each other D.provide support for dying trees 【解析】选 C。细节理解题。文中第二段提到 Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing

18、 for survival of the fittest(达尔文的适者生存),而 UBC Professor Simard 却认为 “正好相反”,下文接着论述树木6 是如何相互依赖以达到生存目的的。故 C 项表述正确。 30.“Mother trees”are extremely important because they. A.look the largest in size in the forest B.pass on nutrition to young trees C.seem more likely to be cut down by humans D.know more abo

19、ut the complex“tree societies” 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的 Simard talks about“mother trees”,usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend.可知,mother trees 是其他树木的依靠,下文接着提到.how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation,transporting important minerals to young trees so th

20、ey may continue to grow.故 B 项“给幼树提供营养”正确。 31.The underlined word“it”in the last paragraph refers to. A.how“tree societies”work B.how trees grow old C.how forestry industry develops D.how young trees survive 【解析】 选 A。 词义猜测题。 “We didnt take any notice ofit,”Simard says sadly.是对上面一个段落中提到的 mother trees

21、如何传递营养给幼树的一个解释和说明,是承接上段的内容,故 it 指的是 “树木家族如何运转、传递营养”这一内容。 32.What would be the best title for the passage? 7 A.Old Trees Communicate Like Humans B.Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection C.Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think D.Trees Contribute To Our Society 【 解 析 】 选 C 。 主 旨 大 意 题 。 本 文 主 要 讲 述 how“

22、tree societies”work 这一新发现。故 C 项正确。 (2014湖北卷C) 话题:动物行为研究词数:322难度: Working with a group of baboons( 狒 狒 )in the Namibian desert,Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were gi

23、ven the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake. She found that person

24、ality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what

25、 the experienced baboon did. 8 The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it

26、shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的)tasks not because they arent clever enough

27、to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information. The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they dont associate with the knowledgeabl

28、e individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning. 【文章大意】对动物行为的研究折射人类文化的形成。 59.What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.The design of Dr.Carters research. B

29、.The results of Dr.Carters research. C.The purpose of Dr.Carters research. 9 D.The significance of Dr.Carters research. 【解析】 选 A。 段落大意题。 通过第一段最后一句 “To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were,Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous sn

30、ake.”可知第一段主要论述了 Dr.Carter 进行的研究计划。 60.According to the research,which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task? A.Those that have more experience. B.Those that can avoid potential risks. C.Those that like to work independently. D.Those that feel anxious about learning. 【解析】选 D。细节理解题。根

31、据第三段第二句“The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not,even though they spent more time watching.”可知选择Those that feel anxious about learning。 61.Which best illustrates the“mismatch”mentioned in Paragraph 4? A.Some baboons are intelligent but slow in

32、learning. B.Some baboons are shy but active in social activities. C.Some baboons observe others but dont follow them. D.Some baboons perform new tasks but dont concentrate. 【解析】选 C。词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句得知这种mismatch 的行为应在上文第三段已经提及,因此可以定位到第三段10 “The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others whi

33、le those who were relaxed did not,even though they spent more time watching.”所以答案选 C。 62.Dr.Carters findings indicate that our culture might be formed through. A.storing information B.learning from each other C.understanding different people D.travelling between social groups 【解析】选 B。推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一

34、句可知文化是人们在相互学习、交流中形成的。 (2014江西卷D) D Everyone looks forward to progress, whether in ones personal life or in the general society.Progress indicates a persons ability to change the way he is living at the moment.Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things.All these,however,rema

35、in true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things. However,at the back of the minds of many people,especially those who miss the“good old days”,efficiency comes with a price.When communication becomes more efficient,peo

36、ple are able to contact one 11 another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to.The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes.With the communication gadgets,such as mobile phones and ipads,people often do not take the eff

37、ort to visit one another personally.A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the persons presence for as long as the visit lasts.We cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn the other person off. With efficiency also comes mass production.Such is the nature of f

38、actories and the success of industrialization today.Factories have improved efficiency.Unskillful tasks are left to machines and products are better made and produced with greater accuracy than any human hand could ever have done.However,with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the

39、 personal touch when making these products.For example,many handicrafts(手工艺品)are now produced in a factory. Although this means that supply is better able to increase demand,now that the supply is quick and efficient,the demand might fall because mass production lowers the quality of the handicraft

40、and it is difficult to find unique designs on each item. Nevertheless,we must not commit the mistake of analyzing progress only from one point of view.In fact,progress has allowed 12 tradition to keep up.It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be broug

41、ht back to their old state.New technology is required for old products to stay old. It is peoples attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society.Technology is flexible.There is no fixed way of making use of it.Everything depends on peoples attitude.The wor

42、st effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society.When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs,a new“past”is created. 【文章大意】科技的进步给我们带来了便捷的同时,也有一定的弊端。 是人们的态度决定着科技是起推进社会进步的作用还是起阻挠作用。 70.According to Paragraph 1,progress can benefit peopl

43、e when they are willing to. A.live a better life B.look for better methods C.change ways of living D.accept technology and advance steadily 【 解 析 】 选 D 。 细 节 理 解 题 。 由 第 一 段 最 后 一 句 All these,however,remain true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and m

44、ore efficient ways of doing things.可知选 D。 13 71.The underlined word“gadgets”is closest in meaning to. A.tools B.messages C.barriers D.skills 【解析】选 A。词义猜测题。根据第二段 such as mobile phones and ipads 可知 gadgets 为工具。 72.The author explains“efficiency comes with a price”by. A.describing a process B.using exa

45、mples C.following time order D.making classification 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据第三段 For example,many handicrafts are now produced in a factory.可知是通过列举手工艺品这个例子来展示的。 73.Compared with home-made handicrafts,machine-made products. A.lack great accuracy B.lack the personal touch C.are of high value D.are quite welco

46、me 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据第三段 However,with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products.可知。 14 74.What can be learned about technology from Paragraph 4? A.It can destroy old traditions. B.It can lead to social progress. C.It can be used to correct mist

47、akes. D.It can be used to preserve old products. 【解析】选 D。推理判断题。根据第五段 It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state.。 75.What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A.Progress can suit the needs of daily life. B.People re

48、view the past with great regret. C.Technology should be introduced in a fixed way. D.Peoples attitude decides the use of technology. 【解析】 选 D。 主旨大意题。 最后一段第一句 It is peoples attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society.是本段的主题句。 (2014江苏卷C) 话题:生气时大脑的反应词数:334

49、难度: Most damagingly, anger weakens a persons ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour.The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger. 15 Not everyone experiences anger in the same way;what angers one p

50、erson may amuse another.The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture,physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regardduels(决斗)as an appropriate expres