2022年年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析,推荐文档 .pdf

《2022年年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析,推荐文档 .pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析,推荐文档 .pdf（18页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）1 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways tha

2、t _3_ the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethi

3、cs code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authori

4、ty apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it

5、results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the cour

6、t s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2. Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3. Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4. Achallen

7、ged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）2 5. Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded 6. Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone 7. Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies 8. Aevade Brais

8、e Cdeny Dsettle 9. Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict 10. Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards 11. Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough 12. Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace 13. Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer 14. Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied 15. Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions 16. Aexcludes Bquest

9、ions Cshapes Dcontrols 17. Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted 18. Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore 19. Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable 20. Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a result Come on Everybody s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, i

10、s what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club , Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and

11、officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out

12、 to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising ，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail

13、 to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology . ” Dare to be different, please don t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argu

14、es 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）3 convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the soci

15、al cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it s presented here is that it doesn t work very well for ve

16、ry long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as

17、 negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in

18、virtuous directions. It s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our

19、own friends. 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn

20、from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author s view, Rosenberg s book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state fundi

21、ngDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friends 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）4 B will mislead behavioral studiesC

22、 occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in Ne

23、w England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont s rules in t

24、he federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state appro

25、val for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant s license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really

26、 intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious quest ions about both Vermont Yankee s safety and Enterg

27、y s management especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and

28、 that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how

29、far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so dam

30、aged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）5 trust. Entergy r

31、uns 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company s application, it should

32、keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “ reneging on” (Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to A condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the

33、federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices. B technical innovativeness.C financial goals. D business vision29. In the author s view, the Ver

34、mont case will testA Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergy s business elsewhere might be af

35、fected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermont s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific me

36、thod to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our

37、 experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）6 Consequently, discovery claims should b

38、e thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher s me, here, now becomes th

39、e community s anyone, anywhere, anytime . Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure

40、 of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly a

41、ccompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual s discovery claim into the community s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist th

42、roughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisi

43、ngly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Aze

44、nt-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “ seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted a

45、nd appreciated.In the end, credibility “ happens ” to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “ We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other s reasoning and each other s conceptions of reason.”31. Acco

46、rding to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity. D systematicness and regularity.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 18 页 - - -

47、- - - - - - 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）7 32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection. Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom. Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the ge

48、neral public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research

49、.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge t

50、o Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in Amer