2020年高考分类题库考点3 阅读理解.pdf

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1、1 一、科普知识类 .- 1 - 二、广告宣传类 .- 34 - 三、政治经济类 .- 57 - 四、人物传记类 .- 62 - 五、文化教育类 .- 65 - 六、社会生活类 .- 96 - 七、环境保护类 .- 171 - 八、文学艺术类 .- 184 - 考点考点 3 阅读理解阅读理解 一、科普知识类一、科普知识类 (2013福建卷B) Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city cant wait to

2、try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include. “Id use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a.m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,”said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene. The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and co

3、st between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented( 增 强 的 )reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets(平板电脑)that overlays information onto the screen about ones surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators woul

4、d pop up showing you the nearest coffee 2 shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you. “As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isnt something anybody needs, ” said Sam Biddle, who writes for G. “Were accustomed to having one thing in o

5、ur pocket to do all these things,”he added,“and the average consumer isnt gonna be able to afford another device(装置)thats hundreds and hundreds of dollars.” 9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this

6、 type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones. “Its just like smartphones 10 years ago,”Weintraub said.“A few people started getting emails on their phones,and people thought that was crazy.Same kind of thing.We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones,and i

7、ts unnatural,”he said.“Theres gonna be improvements to that,and this a step there.” 【文章大意】作者介绍了一种迷你手机型的眼镜的用途,以及不同的人对它的不同看法。 60.One of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses is to. A.program the opening hours of a bar B.supply you with a picture of the future 3 C.provide information ab

8、out your surroundings D.update the maps and GPS in your smartphones 【解析】选 C。细节理解题。根据第三段的“.information onto the screen about ones surroundings.”可知,这种迷你手机型的眼镜有地图和 GPS 装置,可以在屏幕上显示你周围环境的信息,故答案选 C。A、D 表述错误;B 项没有提到。 61.The underlined phrase“pop up”in the third paragraph probably means“”. A.develop rapidly

9、 B.get round quickly C.appear immediately D.go over automatically 【解析】 选 C。根据上句可知,这种眼镜的屏幕上会显示你周围环境的信息,因此当你逛街的时候,指示器会立刻为你指明最近的咖啡馆并绘制方向路线。 62.According to Sam Biddle,the smartphone-like glasses are. A.necessary for teenagers B.attractive to New Yorkers C.available to people worldwide D.expensive for a

10、verage consumers 【解析】 选 D。推理判断题。根据 Sam Biddle 的话“.be able to afford another device thats hundreds and hundreds of dollars.”可知,他认为4 这种眼镜对于普通消费者来说是昂贵的,故答案选 D。 63.We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses. A.may have a potential market B.are as common as smartphones C.a

11、re popular among young adults D.will be improved by a new technology 【解析】选 A。段落大意题。最后两段是用 Weintraub 的观点来说明这种手机将会有很大的市场。B、C 项还没有实现;D 项没有提及。 (2013山东卷C) You cant always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesnt think that forgetting to check the weather forecas

12、t before heading out should result in you getting wet. Thats why he created Lampbrella, a lamp post with its own rain-sensing umbrella. The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “Once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street and saw the

13、 street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(伞篷)built into a street lamp.”he said. The Lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an 5 umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbr

14、ella on demand.Sensors(传感器)then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. In addition to the rain sensor, theres also a 360motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone is using the Lampbrella.After three minutes of not being used the

15、canopy is closed. According to the designer, the Lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike. Each Lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed(安装)at 2

16、 metres off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take the Lampbrella into production, Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department, and insists his creation could be installed on any street where a lot of peopl

17、e walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科技说明文, 主要介绍了设计师 Belyaev 的一项创造 Lampbrella 及它的工作原理、安全性、应用前景等方面的知识。 66.For what purpose did Belyaev create the Lampbrella? A.To predict a heavy rain. B.To check the weather forecast. 6 C.To protect people from the rain. D.To remind people

18、to take an umbrella. 【解析】选 C。细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第三句.Belyaev doesnt think that forgetting to check the weather forecast.Thats why he created Lampbrella.可知他创造 Lampbrella 的目的是为了防止人们被雨淋, 所以选 C。 67.What do we know from Belyaevs words in Paragraph 2? A.His creation was inspired by an experience. B.It rains a

19、lot in the city of Saint Petersburg. C.Street lamps are protected by canopies. D.He enjoyed taking walks in the rain. 【解析】选 A。推理判断题。根据第二段可知他的这种想法是在看到俄罗斯圣彼得堡一个中心街道上人们被雨淋时产生的。所以选 A。 68.Which of the following shows how the Lampbrella works? A.motorcanopysensors B.sensorsmotorcanopy C.motorsensorscanopy

20、 D.canopymotorsensors 【解析】选 B。推理判断题。根据第三段, 这种 Lampbrella 是一个被配备了伞篷(canopy)的路灯杆, 它有一个内置的电动机(electric motor)和几个传感器(sensors), 可以在下雨时给行人提供保护。首先是传感器感知有雨, 然后通过电动机给伞篷提供动力。所以选 B。 7 69.What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the Lampbrella? A.Its moving speed. B.Its appearance. C.Its installation. D.Its s

21、afety. 【解析】选 D。主旨大意题。根据本段中的.the Lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, .it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike.及 Being installed at 2 metres off the ground.可知, 本段主要在强调 Lampbrella 的安全性, 所以选 D。 70.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A.The designer will open

22、a company to promote his product. B.The Lampbrella could be put into immediate production. C.The designer is confident that his creation is practical. D.The Lampbrella would be put on show in Moscow. 【解析】选 C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“insists his creation could be installed on any street where.”可知, 他认为自己的产品是很实用

23、的。而 A、D 两项没提, B 项错在 immediate, 所以选 C。 (2013浙江卷B) Below is a selection from a popular science book. If blood is red,why are veins(静脉静脉)blue? Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood looks red when its outside the body, when its sitting in a vein

24、near the surface of the skin, its more of a dark reddish purple colour. At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red 8 light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison. Which works harder, your heart or your brain? That kind of depends on whether youre busy think

25、ing or busy exercising. Your heart works up to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it ta

26、kes four to five times as much blood to feed it. Why do teeth fall out, and why dont they grow back in grown-ups? Baby(or“milk”)teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteri

27、a. Once this second set of teeth has grown in, youre done. When theyre gone, theyre gone. This is because nature figures youre set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off. Do old people shrink as they age? Yes and no. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do,

28、 it isnt because theyre shrinking all over. They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱)becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力). Many(but not all)men and women do lose height as they get older. Men lose an average of 34 cm in height as they age, while women may los

29、e 5 cm or more. If you live to be 200 9 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60 cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people dont really shrink! It is not that they are growing backwardstheir legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get shorter, its becau

30、se the spine has shortened a little. Or, more often, become more bent and curved. Why does spinning make you dizzy(眩晕的眩晕的)? Because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling. The brain senses that youre spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your

31、inner ear, which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable. But when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks youre moving while youre not! Where do feelings and emotions come from? Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the

32、limbic system. All mammals have this brain areafrom mice to dogs, cats, and humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on this planet. If exercise w

33、ears you out, how can it be good for you? Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned, its“use it or lose it”! Its not that exercise makes you healthy; its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body 10 weak and easily affected by disease. 【文章大意】 人体很复

34、杂,有很多奥秘。对此,你知道多少?本文可以告诉你。 46.What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin? A. Blue. B. Right yellow. C. Red. D. Dark reddish purple. 【解析】 选 D。细节理解题。文章第一段第三句明确地告诉我们,静脉血管中血液的颜色为 dark reddish purple。故选 D。 47.Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age? A.Because thei

35、r spine is in active use. B.Because they are more easily affected by gravity. C.Because they keep growing backwards. D.Because their spine becomes more bent. 【解析】 选 D。细节理解题。从文章第四段可以看出,老年人萎缩是由脊柱使用不当和重力的作用导致的脊柱变短和弯曲所造成的。 故选 D。 48.Which of the following statements about our brain is true? A.In the long

36、 run, our brain probably works harder than our heart. B.When our brain senses the spinning, we will feel dizzy. C.The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans. D.Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain. 【解析】 选 A。细节理解题。文章第二段最后一句明确地告诉我们,长11 远来看,我们的

37、大脑比心脏工作量更大,因为即使你坐着不动,大脑需要的能量也是心脏的两倍,需要的血液量是心脏的 4 到 5 倍。第五段告诉我们,人之所以会眩晕,是因为大脑对旋转的误解,我们已经停止旋转,大脑错误地认为我们仍然在旋转。从倒数第二段可以看出人脑与其他动物大脑的区别在于人脑更复杂;同一段中也可以看出,our feelings and emotions 来自人脑最原始的部分,该部分与动物的大脑相同。故选 A。 49.What is the main purpose of the selection? A.To give advice on how to stay healthy. B.To provid

38、e information about our body. C.To challenge new findings in medical research. D.To report the latest discoveries in medical science. 【解析】 选 B。归纳总结题。整篇文章都是在讲述关于人的方方面面,所以只有 B 项才可以概括全文。而其他选项要么文章根本没有涉及,要么只是某段的意思,而不能概括全文。故选 B。 (2013浙江卷C) The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human bab

39、y. Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or

40、 so, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid 12 newcomers and focuses its attentions on“mother”the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物). During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlo

41、ws,a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutesone covered with cloth and one made of bare wire.If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. Howeve

42、r, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother. Why is cloth preferable to bar

43、e wire? Something that the Harlows called contact( 接 触 )comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothersskins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frig

44、htened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesnt “ rub ” as well as does soft cloth. Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is 13 either warmth or

45、 milk. According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a babys love for its mother istrust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mo

46、ther is now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱

47、)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less time holding onto“its mother.” 【文章大意】猴子很聪明,猴子的幼崽甚至比婴儿都聪明。在对猴子幼崽的观察研究中,科学家发现两个因素特别重要,它们是 warmth 和contact comfor

48、t。 50.Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life? A.WarmthB.MilkC.ContactD.Trust 【解析】 选 A。细节理解题。文章的第二段第一句明确地告诉我们,猴子幼崽在出生后的前两周的时间里最需要的就是 warmth,该段的实验也证明了这一点。故选 A。 14 51.After the first two weeks of their life, baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to

49、the wire mother because the former is. A.larger in size B.closer to them C.less frightening and less disturbing D.more comfortable to rub against 【解析】 选 D。细节理解题。从文章的第三段可知,猴子幼崽之所以喜欢 cloth mother 是因为接触舒服,因为这种接触可以给它们自信,它比温暖、牛奶更有益。故选 D。 52.What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged“contact c

50、omfort”? A.Attention B.Softness C.Confidence D.Interest 【解析】 选 C。细节理解题。文章第三段最后一句明确指出,长时间的舒服接触可以给猴子幼崽自信。故选 C。 53.It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure,. A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards C.it is le