高一英语语法.doc

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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流高一英语语法【精品文档】第 14 页 高一英语语法 一. 句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。We often speak English in class.（代词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to health.（动名词）When we are going to have an

2、 English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表

3、语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. Class is over.（副词）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he i

4、s fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的特征或状态的。We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词

5、）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the exami

6、nation.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）（九） 同位语：用来说明或者解释同一事物或人，通常放在所说明的名词或者代词之后。可由以下形式表示：Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers. The factthat he had not said anythingsurprised everybody 即时训练：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on

7、 the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film

8、tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Would you please tell me your address?15. He sat there, reading a newspaper.16. It is our

9、duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.17. He noticed a man enter the room.18. The apples tasted sweet. 二. 英语句子分类一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can sw

10、im, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号

11、（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 三. 简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is

12、a student.2、主语+谓语（不及物动词）：e.g. We work.3、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+谓语+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+谓语+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 即时训练：判断简单句的五种基本句型。1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of

13、us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. Would you please pass me the cup? 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city 7. Trees turn green when spring comes. 8. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 9. All the students think highly of his teachi

14、ng. 10. He asked us to sing an English song. 11. The idea sounds great.12. We will make our school more beautiful.13. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.14. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 15. The old man lives a lonely life. 四 . 定语从句讲解(1)（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句

15、。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。 例如： Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中，whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词t

16、heman，在定语从句中作主语。（二）定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(限制性)（二）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词一览表 功能 作用用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语whose ( = of

17、 whom)whose ( = of which)1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式

18、文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who) youmetjustnowismyoldfriend. 3Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawt

19、hismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。* 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1、只能使用that,不用which 的情况：* 1） 当先行词是：all , any ,much; little; none; anything

20、, everything , nothing或被它们修饰时。Is there anything that I can do for you ? 有什么可以为你做的吗？All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做。* 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that we should do is to get some food .

21、我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。* 3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如：My necklace is not the only thing thats missing.我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。* 4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或 who ，以避免重复。例如：Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat?正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？* 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。例如：The writer and his n

22、ovel that you have just talked about are really well known .你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。2、只用which不用that的情况：* 1) 关系代词前有介词时；e.g. This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.* 2) 非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。e.g. That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday* 3) 先行词本身是that时；e.g. The clock is that

23、which tells the time 即时训练： I will tell him all you told me at the ball. The only thing we could do was to wait. The first place we visited was the Great Wall. We talked about the people and the villages we remembered.5Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一

24、个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhich

25、isyellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 即时训练： 一、请分析一下定语从句：

26、( 请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)Eg.1 . Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar.2. You couldnt understand people who talked fast.3. I have some ideas that may help.4. They said something you didnt like.5. Can you think of any problems you have had recently?6. What are some of the rules that a

27、teenager should obey?7. Standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite common in some countries.二 定语从句易犯错误 （改错）1Some of the boys I invited them didnt come 2The book that you need it is in the library 3Anyone who break the law will be punished 4Those who has finished may go home 5Chi

28、ldren eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 6The key opens the bike is missing 7The house where he lives in needs repairing 8I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing 9Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ 10I dont believe the reason why he has given for his

29、 being late 三、用关系代词填空：that 、which 、who、 whom 、whose1. This is the man _ wants to see you.2. The student _ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3. The man _ you went to see has come.4. The woman _ you saw is our geography teacher.5. The man _was passing by saw what happened.6. Here is the pen _ you los

30、t the day before yesterday.7. These books _ you lent me were very useful.8. I will never forget the days_ we spent together.9. A clock is a machine _ tells people the time.10. A dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.11. I will never forget the people and the places _ I have ever visit

31、ed.12. Is there anyone _ family is in Beijing?13. She hates everything _ is modern.14. She wrote a book about the people and things _ impressed her most deeply during her stay there.15. He is the only person _ was present at the time.16. This is the best car _ is made in China. 定语从句讲解 (2)（一） 关系副词引导的

32、定语从句1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。 如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, stage, condition, degree和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是

33、“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”（前提是从句中缺少状语）。3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimarysc

34、hoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。总的说来,选择介词，一是根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的习惯搭配，二是根据先行词和介词的习惯搭配，三是根据句子意思表达的需要。1. 考查定语从句

35、中谓语部分的搭配习惯(1) 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配The documents which they were searching have been recovered. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom (2004上海卷)(2) 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配 He referred me to some reference books which I am no

36、t very familiar. 2. 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯 这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：Ill never forget the day which she said goodbye to me.The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 3，考查根据句意确定介词Tom, whom the window was broken, has been critic

37、ized by his teacher.I am looking for my glasses, which I cant watch TV clearly.In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. _ time many people have gone home. A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句

38、中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslatefor

39、schoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。1.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她

40、穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。(三)以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句, 并在定语从句中当方式状语时，用inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句

41、主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A. Iknowaplace_wecanhaveapicnic.。 Iknowaplace_isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery. B.Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespentourholidaystogether. Iwillneverforgetthedays _wespenttogether. C.Thisisthereason_hewasdismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。Thisisthereason_heexplainedtomeforhisnotattend

42、ingthemeeting. (五) 定语从句的其他要点* 在定语从句的使用中，one of后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，用复数；而在one of 前面the only时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。He is the only one of the students who is elected?Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident.* 先行词为time时， 若time 当“次数“讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句， that可以省略；若time当 “一段时间，时代

43、”讲时，应用关系副词when或者介词at/during + which引导定语从句。如：This is the second time _ I have visited the Great Wall.There was a time _ I hated to go to school.巩固练习1. This is the best factory _we visited last year.A. where B. which C. in which D. that2. Is this the factory _computers are built?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3. Please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. whose