高一英语定语从句讲解和习题和易错题.doc

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1、定 语 从 句 一、基本概念： 定语：定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 引导词：关系词关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 在从句中充当：关系副词有：when, where, why. 在从句充当：先行词：定语从句中引导词的作用：二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 1 作主语用who, which和that, 如： H

2、e is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如： The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用

3、于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 3 作定语用whose, 如： (a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of whi

4、ch”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which) Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.

5、 （二）关系副词的用法： 1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped com

6、ing from the day she fell ill. 2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如： This is the hotel where they are staying. I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 注：where有时也可以省略。如： This is the place (where) we met yesterday. 3 why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That i

7、s the reason why he is leaving so soon. 注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it. (三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where

8、 (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days whic

9、h/that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 3 when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只 能引导限制性定语从句。 三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： Th

10、is is the telegram which he refers to. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如： This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.

11、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。 另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如： I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother. = I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother. Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eag

12、er to have a talk with you. = Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you. 3两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. All the books there that have beautiful pictures in t

13、hem were written by him. His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一个） His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一个） 4有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如： He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. 注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They

14、 are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. （2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常 识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。 （3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如： She stole her friends money, which was disgraceful. He tore up my photo, which upset me. 5在正式文体中，以the way为先行词

15、的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 四关系词的选择 1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物

16、，它们都不能用that代替。 2 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 3 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或th

17、at，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which： (1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours. (2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如： We hear

18、d clearly every word that he said. (3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如： The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. (4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如： Is that the best that you can do? Thats the most

19、 expensive hotel that weve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read. (5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find. (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they

20、 saw at the Childrens Palace. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. (7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? 4. 在定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that： (1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone,

21、somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如： Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.) (2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind gettin

22、g wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。如： He that promises too much means nothing. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如： Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? (4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如： A new master will came

23、 tomorrow who will teach you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. I was the only person in my office who was invited. (5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如： She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar. 5. 在定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that: (1) 当主句是以who

24、或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this? (2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived. (3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me. 6. 当先行词被th

25、e same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物 时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。 如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have. 这里要注意的

26、是： （1） 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中 的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men. Women received the same pay that men received. (2) 在“the samethat”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. = This is the same instrument

27、I used yesterday. = This is the instrument I used yesterday. 但在“the sameas”结构中，same和as都不能省略。 (3) 当“the samethat”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。 如： He lives in the same building that I live. = He lives in the same building as / that I live in. Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we

28、 meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as the

29、y can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely. 定语从句常见错误分析I.句子结构错误。1.昨天王老师上了一节非常生动而有趣的课。误：Yesterday Mr Wang taught the lesson was very lively andinteresting.2.你上个月从图书馆借的那本书还了吗？误：Have you returned me the book you borrowed it from the library

30、 last month?3.我永远也不会忘记我在那儿生活了八年的村庄。误：Ill never forget the village where I once worked there for eight years.II.介词错误 1.你们住的那个房间太小了。 误：The room which you are living is too small.2.你能借给我你们刚才谈论到的那本书吗？误：Can you lend me the book about that you were talking justnow?3.我问他去过的城市中哪个城市的人口最多。误：I asked which of t

31、he cities that he had been had the largest population.III.选择关系词1.那幢红色屋顶的房子是去年夏天建的。误：The building which roof is red was built last summer.2.你认识那个我想他可能教我们英语的老师吗？误：Do you know the teacher whom I think will come to teach us English?3.你指的是去年我们参观的那所学校吗？误：Do you mean the school where we visited last year?4

32、.这是我所看到过的最好的一部电影。误：This is the best film which I have ever seen.5.我没有告诉她真情，这使我心里很不安。误：I didnt tell her the truth,that made me uneasy.6.现在你所要做的一切就是好好休息。误：All what you should do now is to take a good rest.IV.一致关系1.他是昨天受老师表扬的学生之一。误：He is one of the students who was praised by the teacheryesterday.2.他这次

33、考试不及格，这证明他学习不够刻苦。误：He failed in the exam,which prove that he hadnt workedhard enough at his lessons.3.他们已将所有属于我的东西归还给我。误：They have returned me all that belong to me.V.as 用作关系代词引导定语从句1.我从来还没有听过象他讲的这么有趣的故事。误：I had never heard such an interesting story like he told.2.正如老师所说的，我们应该通过讲英语学习讲英语。误：As the tea

34、cher said that we should learn to speak Englishby speaking it.3.学一们外语，正如他们所学的，不是一件容易的事。误：To learn a foreign language,as they learned,was not aneasy job.改正下列句子中的错误：1.Thats all what Dr Wang said at the meeting yesterday.2.There is nothing in the world which can change my mind.3.I met a former student

35、I like him very much when he studiedat our school.4.The sun heats the earth,which make it possible for plants togrow.5.Have you ever heard of such a clever boy like John?6.People who has eyes can sometimes act just as foolishly as the blind men.7.As everyone knows that he was able to help people wit

36、h theirpersonal affairs.8.The camera which I took my best photos belonged to my father.9.Our engines and machines,most of that have wheels,are unlikeanything in nature.10.The day that they were to leave for America was coming. 特殊结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.

37、 A. like B. as C. that D. which 2. Ive never heard so interesting a story _ you told me. A. as B. that C. of which D. about which 3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday. A. that B. which C. as D. like 4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear. A. that B. which C. as D. like 5. He made another wonde

38、rful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 7. This is the first time _ he has been here. A. that B. when C. a

39、t which D. which 8. I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which定语从句专项练习题1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys. A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2.The Greens will move into the

40、 new house next Monday,_ it will be completely finished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time 3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_ was taken in london.A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ vi

41、llage I taught before lived a happy life.A who B whose C in whose D in which 5.There is a moutain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B of which C its D that 6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this 7.1)I have three children,a

42、nd two of _ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds 9.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well. A neither of them B none of them C neither of

43、 which D none of which 1This is the best factory _we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2.Is this the factory _computers are built ?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3.please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. whose B.its C. which D. which of4.The man _has arrived .A.

44、 whom I told you B. that I told you C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the comrade _we are talking ?A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house _the great writer was born .A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where7. The comrade _is speaking at th

45、e meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. who D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything _he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow ,_he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D. which10.The school _I study is a new one .A. on which

46、B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which 12. The city _my mother grew up is not far from here .A. what B. where C. that D. which13. Our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north .A. which B. his C. that