测绘专业英语.pdf

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1、Geomatics is a relatively new scientific term created by Pollock and Wright in 1969,with the intention of combining the terms geodesy and geoinformatics.It includes the tools and techniques used in Surveying and Mapping, RemoteSensing(RS), Cartography, GeographicInformationSystems (GIS),GlobalNaviga

2、tionSatelliteSystems (GNSS,i.e.,GPS,Glonass, Galileo, Compass),Photogrammetry, Geography, Geosciences,ComputerSciences, Information Science and various spatial observation technologies, landdevelopment and environmental sciences, etc.测绘学是一种相对较新的科学术语由波洛克和赖特在 1969 年提出， 目的是将大地测量学与地理信息学结合起来。它包括的工具和技术应用于

3、测绘、遥感(RS)、地图学、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS,即。 、GPS、Glonass、伽利略、北斗),摄影测量、地理学、地球科学、电脑科学、信息科学和各种空间观测技术、土地开发、环境科学等。Surveying may be defined as the technology and science of the study of earthsshape and size, as well as making measurements of the relative positions of naturaland man-made features on, above

4、or below the earths surface, and representing theseinformation in analog forms as contoured maps or sections, paper plan or chart, or asfigures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical modelstored in the computer.测量的技术和科学可以定义为研究地球的形状和大小,以及测量位于地球外表上或者低于或者高于地球外表的自然的或人造的

5、物体的相对位置,并将这些信息以模拟形式的波状外形的地图、剖面图、论文计划、图表、数据报告表中呈现或以数字形式存储在电脑三维数学模型中。Surveys are the technologies of measuring horizontal and vertical distancesbetween objects, measuring angles between lines or the direction of lines, anddetermining the elevations of the points.After the actual measurements of survey

6、s, mathematical calculations are made todetermine the distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumesfrom surveying data.Then much surveying information is portrayed graphically in forms of theconstruction maps, profiles, cross-sections and diagrams.测绘学是测量物体之间的水平和垂直距离,测量直线之间

7、的角度或直线的方向,测量点位的高度的技术。在实际测量后,需要根据测量数据进行数学计算来确定距离,角度,方向,位置,海拔,地区和体积。然后测量信息就以地图、剖面图、横断面图和图表等图形形式描绘出来。Theequipmentsavailableandmethodsapplicableformeasurementsandcalculations have changed tremendously in the past decade.Traditional equipments for measurements: Optical (electronic) Theodolite, Tapes,Elec

8、tronic Distance Measurement (EDM), levels, etc.Modern equipments: Aerial photogrammetry, satellite observation, Remote Sensing(RS), inertial surveying, and laser ranging techniques, etc.At the same time, the relatively easy access to computers of all size facilitates therigorous processing and stora

9、ge of large volumes of data.可用的设备和适用于测量和计算的方法在过去十年发生了巨大变化。传统的测量设备:光学电子经纬仪、磁带、电子测距(EDM)、水准尺等。现代设备:航空摄影测量、卫星观测、遥感(RS)、惯性测量,激光测距技术,等等。同时,电脑的相对广泛应用促进了严格处理和存储大量数据的过程。With the development of these modern data acquisition and processing systems, theduties of the surveyors have expanded beyond the tradition

10、al tasks of the field work oftaking measurements and the office work of computing and drawing.Surveying is required not only for conventional construction engineering projects,mapping, and property surveys, but is also used increasingly by other physicalsciences, such as geology, geophysics, biology

11、, agriculture, forestry, hydrology,oceanography and geography, etc.随着现代数据采集和处理系统的发展 ,测量员的职责已经大大超出了传统的野外测量工作和内业计算和绘图工作。测量不仅适用于传统的建筑工程项目、 地图学和土地权属调查,也越来越多的适用于其他物理科学,如地质、地球物理、生态学、农学、林业学、水文、海洋、地理等。The essential work of surveying is to determine accurately the position of thefeatures on the surface of th

12、e Earth (horizontal surveying), and the elevations of thefeatures (vertical surveying), or a combination of both.Although different surveys are for different purposes, the basic operations include:measurements (fieldwork), computations and mapping (office work).From another point, the work of survey

13、ing is either to determine the locations(three-dimensional coordinates) of ground features and drawing all kinds of maps, orto mark out the designed buildings or structures in maps at their proposed positions.测量的基本工作是确定地球上物体的准确位置 (水平测量)和高度(垂直测量),或两者的结合。虽然不同的调查是为了不同的目的,基本操作包括:测量(野外),计算和绘图(内业)。从另一个角度,

14、测量的工作是确定地球表现上物体的位置(三维坐标)和绘制各种地图,或在地图上的建筑物、构筑物中标定他们的位置。Surveying operations include:(1) design of surveying procedures and selection of equipments;(2) acquisition and storage of data in the fields;(3) reduction or analysis of data in the office or in the filed;(4)preparation of maps or other displays

15、 in the graphical or numerical forms neededfor the purpose of survey;(5) layout of monuments and boundaries in the fields, as well as providing controlsurveying for construction.测量操作包括:(1)测量过程的设计和测量仪器的选择;(2)野外数据的采集和存储;(3)在办公室或野外分析和处理数据;(4)准备测量所需的地图或其他以图形或数字形式的呈现的图形;(5)在野外埋设标石和边界,进行施工控制测量。Performance

16、 of these tasks requires a familiarity with the uses of surveyingequipments and techniques, knowledge of fundamentals of the surveying process, andknowledge of various means by which data can be prepared for presentation.Definitions of control surveying and detail surveying:(1) Control surveying is

17、referred to the measurements of control points, which arewell spaced in the form of network and play controlling roles in survey area.(2) Detail surveying is referred to the work of measuring the terrain features aroundeach control point.这些任务的完成需要熟练使用测量设备和技术 ,测量过程的基础知识和在地图上展绘数据的各种知识。控制测量和碎部测量的定义:(1)

18、控制测量的测量控制点,以网络的形式分布在测区并在测区起控制作用。(2)碎部测量是测量每个控制点周围的地形特征。The work of surveying should follow some basic procedures or rules:(1) Control surveying should be firstly carried out, and then detail surveying.(2) The work of surveying should be conduced from the whole to the parts.(3) High-precision surveyi

19、ng controls the low-precision surveying.(4) Each step of surveying work has a check.These basic procedures or rules can help to divide surveying area into different mapunits, reduce the error accumulation, ensure the precision of mapping, and speed upthe mapping process.测量工作应该遵循基本的程序和规则:(1)控制测量应首先进行

20、,然后进行碎部测量。(2)测量的工作应该是从整体到局部。(3)高精度等级测量控制低精度等级测量。(4)步步要检核。这些基本的程序或规则可以把测量区域划分为不同的地图单元,减少误差积累,保证了地图的精度,加快制图过程。Surveys have many different branches, such as geodetic surveying, plane surveying,engineering surveying, topographic surveying, cadastral surveying, mine surveying,etc.1. Geodetic surveyingGeo

21、detic surveying is referred to the measurement and representation of the Earthsshape and size, gravity field and geodynamic phenomena (such as polar motion, Earthtides and crustal motion), and establishment of control networks of large areas forother surveys.调查有很多不同的分支,如大地测量、平面测量,工程测量,地形测量、 地籍测量、矿山测

22、量学等。1、大地测量学大地测量是测量和表征地球的形状和大小,重力场和地球动力学的现象(如极移、地球潮汐和地壳运动),建立用于其他大面积测量的控制网络的学科。In geodetic surveying, large areas of t he Earths surface are involved and the trueshape of the Earth must be taken into account, and the stations are normally longdistances apart, and more precise instruments and surveyin

23、g methods are required forthis type of surveying.In geodetic surveying, the shape of the Earth is thought of as a spheroid, although itis not really a spheroid in a technical sense.在大地测量学中， 由于地球外表的大部分地区都有涉及，所以地球的真实形状必须考虑进去,由于站点之间的分隔距离较远 ,所以需要更精密的仪器和测量方法。在大地测量学中，地球的形状被认为是一个球体,虽然在理论意义上并不是一个球体。Therefor

24、e, distances measured on or near the surface of the Earth are not alongstraight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.Widely spaced and permanent monuments are used as the basis for computinglengths and distances between relative positions. allowances are made fo r the earthsminor and major diame

25、ters from which a reference spheroid is developed.These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control points,which support the production of consistent and compatible reference coordinates forother surveying and mapping projects.因此,在地球外表或者地球附近所测的距离并不是沿直线或平面的 ,而是在一个曲面上。广泛放置的永久标石可以

26、作为计算长度和相对点位之间距离的基础。 参考椭球面是根据地球的大小半径的容许差来建立的。这些带有永久标石的基本点被称为大地控制点,为其他的测量工作提供固定坐标和相对坐标。2. Plane surveyingThe type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane,or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error,generally is called plane surv

27、ey .The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involvedare of limited extent.2、平面测量在这种测量中地球平均外表被认为是一个平面,或在没有较大误差的情况下地球曲率可以被忽略,这种测量通常被称为平面测量。这种测量都用于指定的距离和面积在有限范围内的测量工作。With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is consideredmathematically straight,

28、 the direction of the plumb line is considered to be planeangles.In plane surveying, formulas of plane trigonometry , algebra , and analyticalgeometry are used to make computations.For small areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, butthe accuracy and precision of such re

29、sults will decrease as the area surveyed increasesin size.对与水平距离和方向,水平线在数学上被认为是直的,铅垂线的方向被认为是平面角。在平面测量中，平面三角公式、代数、解析几何是用来计算的。对小区域,平面测量方法可以获得精确的结果 ,但结果的准确度和精度将随着测区的面积增大而降低。There are close cooperation between geodetic survey and plane survey.The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measu

30、rements of theearth, and its own results are available to those who measure the earth.The plane surveys are generally connected to the control points of the geodeticsurveys.大地测量和平面测量之间有密切的联系。大地测量采用参数取决于所测量的地球平面,并且测量结果可被其他测量地球的人使用。平面测量通常与大地测量的控制点有关。3. Topographic surveyingTopographic surveys are made

31、 to determine the configuration ( relief ) of thesurface of the earth, locate the natural and artificial features thereon, and producemaps, plans or sections to suitable scales.Many natural and artificial features such as relief,hydrography, vegetation ,road ,trails , buildings, canals and boundary

32、lines have to be represented byconventional symbols in a topographic map.3 .地形测量地形测量是用来确定地球外表形状 ,确定自然和人工物体的位置 ,并生成地图,选定平面图和区域图的合适的比例尺。许多天然和人工物体,比方地貌、水文、植被、道路、小径、建筑物、运河和边界线必须由传统的地形图符号在地形图中表示。Topographic maps have height information either as spot heights or as contours,and their scales are different

33、ranges.Topographic maps have a multitude of uses, such as navigation ,recreation ,geographical and geological study, military,exploration , etc.地形图上有点位高度表示的高程信息和以等高线表示的高程信息 ,他们的比例尺范围不同。地形图有多种用途,如导航、娱乐、地理和地质研究、军事、勘探等。4. Engineering surveyingEngineering surveys are referred to all the surveys required

34、 in design, constructionand management stages of engineering constructions.For example, in the stage of survey and design, large-scale topographical maps orplans are required as a basis for design, then the proposed position of any new item ofthe construction must be marked out on the ground both in

35、 plane and height, theseoperations generally termed setting4、工程测量工程测量是指建筑设计、工程建设和工程建设的管理阶段的所有测量工作。例如,在勘察设计阶段,大比例尺的地形图或设计作为设计的基础,并且提出任何新的建设项目的点位必须在平面上放样出平面位置和高度,这些操作通常称为放样。setting out , and finally, as-built surveys and deformation monitoring are oftenrequired.The design and construction of new route

36、s, e.g. roads, and railways, thecalculations of the areas and volumes of land are also the aspects of engineeringsurveys.放样,最后竣工调查和变形监测通常是必需的。新路线的设计和施工,如公路,铁路,计算区域大小和土方量也属于工程测量。5. Cadastral surveyingCadastral surveys are referred to the work of making measurements and plotting themeasurements to pro

37、duce plans of property boundaries for legal purposes.In many countries the registrations of ownership of lands are based on such plans.5、地籍测量地籍测量是指进行测量和绘制符合法律用途的合法边界。在许多国家登记的土地的所有权是基于这样的平面图。6. Mine SurveyingMine surveying is concerned with measurements of surface and underground mines,obtaining data

38、 in digital form and making graphical representation for prospectingmineral deposits, constructing mines and exploiting minerals.A few centuries ago, mine surveying is extensively developed for the determinationof the boundaries of the mining claims.The early period of mine surveying may be consider

39、ed as the art of runningunderground traverses.6、矿山测量学矿山测量学是测量外表和地下矿山、 以数字形式获取数据,使图形标绘勘探矿藏,矿山建设和开采矿产。几个世纪前,矿山测量学广泛发展是为了采矿勘界的目的。矿山测量学的早期可能被视为布设地下导线。However, as it developed, mine surveying included, apart from techniques of minesurveying, the mine surveying instrumentation, the geometry of mineral res

40、ources,study of tectonics, etc. All these aspects of mine surveying are made for the precisionof geological exploration, as well as the safety and efficiency in working a mine.As the progress has been made in the methods of mine surveying, the minesurveyors are using the gyro-theodolite, high-precis

41、ion theodolites and optical rangefinders to solve of the problems of orientation and construction of reference networks.然而,随着它的发展,矿山测量学,除了矿山测量技术、 矿山测量仪器,矿产资源的几何构造和技术研究等。矿山测量的所有这些方面构成地质勘探精度,以及矿井工作的安全性和效率。矿山测量学方法的进步,矿山测量员使用陀螺经纬仪、高精度经纬仪和光学测距仪来解决定向和参照网络的建设等问题。Self-adjusting levels and lasers have recent

42、ly become very popular to give lines andgrades and check on the directions of mines, and provide control for such operationsas mine shaft equipment, laying railway tracks, installing conveyors, putting throughpipelines and others.Moreover, new techniques and instruments are made for plotting mine gr

43、aphics andpreparing mine plans and longitudinal and transverse sections.自动安平水准仪和激光水准仪最近变得非常流行在施工方样和坡度以及检核矿井方向等方面,并为矿井设备操作提供控制 ,铺设铁轨,安装输送机,放样管道和其他事物。此外,新技术和仪器是用来铺设井筒和绘制矿井平面图和纵和横向断面图的。The earliest surveys were for the purpose of establishing the boundaries of land,and such surveys are still important

44、work of many surveyors.Every construction project of any magnitude is based to some degree uponmeasurements taken during the progress of a survey and is constructed about lines andpoints established by the surveyors.Aside from land surveys, practically all surveys of private and public natures are o

45、fassistance in the conception, design, and execution of engineering works.最早的调查是为了建立土地的边界 ,这样的测量工作仍是测量员的重要工作。任何规模的建设项目都是在某种程度上基于测量以及测量员所放样的点线。除了土地调查,几乎所有的私有和公共性质调查是概念、设计、工程和执行工作的辅助设备。1.4 Developments of Surveying1. Surveying techniquesHistorically, distances were measured by different means, for ins

46、tance tapes madeof steel or invar were pulled taut toreduce sagging and slack tomeasure horizontaldistances.Additionally, attempting to measure up a slope, the surveyors might have to useincrements less than the total length of the tape.Horizontal angles were measured using a compass, which would pr

47、ovide amagnetic bearing. This type of instrument was later improved, with more carefullyscribed discs providing better angular resolution, as well as through mountingtelescopes with reticles for more-precise sighting atop the disc.从历史上看,距离测量的方式有很多,例如使用拉紧的钢尺或铟瓦尺减少下垂和松弛来测量水平距离。此外,为了测量斜坡,测量员可能使用增量法而不是总

48、长度的钢尺。使用带有磁轴承的罗盘测量水平角度。这种类型的仪器后来有所改善,更仔细地刻划度盘从而提供更好的角分辨率,以及通过望远镜的十字刻划丝来更精确的瞄准度盘的顶部。High-accuracy transits or theodolites were used for this work, and angles betweenobjects were measured repeatedly for increased accuracy.Historically, the simplest method for measuring heights was using air pressure a

49、s anindication of height with an altimeter (basically a barometer).But surveying requires greater precision. A variety of means, such as preciseleveling (also known as differential leveling), have been developed to do this. Withprecise leveling, a series of measurements between two points are taken

50、using a levelinstrument and a leveling rod.高精度经纬仪被用于这项工作 ,通过增加物体之间角度测量次数来增加准确性。测量高度的历史上,最简单的方法是使用带有空气压力的高度计指示高度 (本质上是一个气压计)。但测量需要更高的精度。各种手段,如精密水准测量(也称为微分水准),已经开发出来。精密水准测量,两点之间的测量工作通过一系列仪器和水准尺进行。Triangulation is another method of horizontal location was widely used in the pastyears. As long as they a