必修五课文原文及翻译.doc
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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流必修五课文原文及翻译【精品文档】第 14 页 UNIT 1JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert，indeed，that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the dead
2、ly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested
3、in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the d
4、isease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854，he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods，he began to gather
5、information.In two particular streets，the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the
6、 deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40)He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this，so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the
7、 pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next，John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immedia
8、tely told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London，he found supporting evidence from two other deaths
9、 that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announc
10、e with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”约翰斯
11、诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，以至于成了照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)得了霍乱的普通百姓时，就感到很受鼓舞。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。约翰斯诺想面对这一挑战，解决这一问题。他知道在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。他对霍乱致人死地的两种推测产生了兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。病毒从胃部开始迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。约翰斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但需要有证据。因此在1
12、854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱时，他就着手准备对此调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延时，约翰斯诺开始搜集信息。他发现特别在两条街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查清原因。他首先在地图上标注出所有死者曾住过的确切地点。该图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近(尤其是这条街上的16、37、38和40号)。他还发现有些住户(如布洛德街20号和21号及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。他未预料到这种情况，于是他做了进一步调查。他发现这些人是在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工。酒馆为他们供应免费啤酒，因此他们没喝布洛德街水泵里的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。接下来，约翰斯
13、诺调查了这两条街上的水源。他发现水来自于河里，这条河被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。约翰斯诺立即告诉布洛德街上惊慌失措的人们拆掉水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是通过细菌传播而非气团传播。在伦敦的另一地区，他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。一个妇女，从布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜欢水泵的水，她让人每天从水泵给她家送水。她和她的女儿在喝了这些水后，都死于霍乱。利用这个额外证据，约翰斯诺就可以很有把握地宣布污染水携带病菌。为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司也得到指示再也不能让人们接触污染水了。“霍乱王”终于
14、被击败了。PUZILES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries：England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people ref
15、er to England you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English g
16、overnment tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However，the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England，Wales and Scotland to become the U
17、nited Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg，the currency and international relations)，but they still have very different institutions.For example，Northern Ireland，England and Scotland have dif
18、ferent educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries，and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England，the middle zone is called the Mi
19、dlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south，but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although，nationwide，these cities are not as large as those in China，they have worldfamous football teams and so
20、me of them even have two！It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical tr
21、easure of all is London with its museums，art collections，theatres，parks，and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD，the oldest building begun by the AngloSaxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle cons
22、tructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There have been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders，the Romans，left their towns and roads.The second，the AngloSaxons，left their language and their government.The third，the Vikings，influenced the vocabulary and placenames of the North of England，
23、and the fourth，the Normans，left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile. 地理学的困惑对于用不同词汇来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格
24、兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家，人们感到很奇怪。如果你研究英国历史，你就可以弄清楚这个问题。首先是英格兰。威尔士在公元13世纪时与英格兰是一体的。现在当人们说到英格兰时，你会发现威尔士也包括在其中。接着英格兰和威尔士在17世纪同苏格兰合并，更名为“大不列颠”。苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为英格兰和威尔士的国王，幸运的是这并未经过战争。最后在20世纪初，英国政府打算把爱尔兰也和平联合起来组建联合王国。但是爱尔兰的南部很不情愿，分离出去并建立了自己的政府。因此，只有北爱尔兰与英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰统一成为联合王国，这在新国旗上展现给世人，叫做“英国国旗”。值得赞扬的是，这四个国家在某些领域确实能够合作(比如，
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