2022年教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点 5.pdf

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1、教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点(6.2) （Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 6.2）Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 6.2 The second section, psychological counseling for middle school students I. con

2、tents of psychological counseling for middle school students The object of middle school students psychological counseling is the normal school students, usually by providing information, change the environment, promote the students self-education and self-improvement, to optimize the psychological

3、quality of students. The purpose of psychological counseling, including learning counseling, emotional and interpersonal relationship counseling and occupation selection counseling. (I) learning guidance The factors influencing the students learning both external teachers social ethos, school manage

4、ment, teaching level, family education and other factors, there are also students own factors, but more important is the students intelligence level, learning motivation, learning interest, attitude, belief, learning methods and habits of the role of internal factors. Psychological counseling to hel

5、p students improve learning motivation, establish correct learning attitudes and 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页beliefs, scientific grasp of cognitive strategies and improve cognitive level, form good learning habits, to teach students how to learn. 1. enhance learning moti

6、vation Motivation is the internal motivation of learning activities, it can stimulate students learning behavior; learning behavior to guide students to a certain goal; maintain and strengthen (or weaken) learning behavior, achieve the goals of learning. Students learning motivation mainly by achiev

7、ement motivation, communication motivation and curiosity formed. Therefore, reinforcement learning motivation means setting appropriate level of aspiration, give full play to their ability, to establish a good interpersonal environment. In addition to using the traditional way of teacher feedback in

8、 learning to improve students learning motivation, we should pay more attention to adjust their expectations for students, encourage students to success, so that students can experience a sense of achievement. Self motivation. 2. cultivate interest in learning The interest is the selectivity towards

9、 the objective things, the enthusiasm it can affect a persons behavior through emotional response, which is interested in their work and study, do you feel happy and comfortable, learning efficiency is high; on the contrary, if the lack of enthusiasm, face is not interested in work and study the eff

10、iciency is low. For middle school students, their learning to a certain extent governed by interest and emotion, so the cultivation of students 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 15 页interest in is to help them understand the impact of the interest in learning, understand their lea

11、rning interest, to find the reasons for the lack of interest in various disciplines, cultivate interest in learning. 3. correct attitude towards learning Can organize students to discuss their learning attitude is correct: there is no neglect, indifference, or avoidance of psychological dependence;

12、what is a good learning attitude; different learning attitudes affect learning; in learning attitude, which have good performance and shortcomings; how to improve poor learning attitude. 4. master learning methods Bad learning methods of middle school students are: learning without planning, not pay

13、ing enough attention, not scientific use of time, rote learning, lack of understanding of the concept and principle, do not pay attention to learning strategies, did not form a good cognitive structure, can make use of the information, education should guide students to master correct learning metho

14、ds. 5., adjust the exam mentality, learn the correct attribution The examination is an important link of teaching, it can test students learning level; examination is a kind of competition, to enable students to produce stress and anxiety. Each high school students have self-esteem and self-motivate

15、d, when he had a premonition that underachievement hurt personal 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 15 页self-esteem and future, will produce anxiety. This test anxiety is too strong and too weak will influence the efficiency of learning. The appropriate anxiety is helpful to concen

16、trate on preparing for the exam to be absorbed in. 6. form the right learning beliefs Factors affecting students effective learning and thinking is the affective characteristics of the students, the students held in one field of faith, that is to say whether they understand themselves in learning an

17、d problem-solving ability and motivation. Therefore, the formation of teachers help and guide the students to learn the correct belief, Helps students avoid effective learning because of emotional factors 7. learn to monitor the learning process Metacognition is the decisive factor to solve the prob

18、lem of successful learning, and skilled thinking. Metacognition, one hand refers to the knowledge about individual cognitive subject, cognitive tasks, cognitive strategies, metacognitive knowledge; on the other hand refers to the self regulating skills of their own cognitive activities, i.e. metacog

19、nitive skills are important. The influence of Metacognition on learning and solving problems, in our educational practice, teachers of students metacognitive activities to give enough attention, especially the training system to strengthen the metacognitive skills. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 -

20、- - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页(two) emotional and interpersonal counseling; 1. emotional counseling Emotion is the objective things for people to meet their own needs and the corresponding attitude experience. According to the influence on peoples feelings, emotions can be divided into positive emotions an

21、d negative emotions. Two kinds of positive emotions is conducive to physical and mental health of middle school students. In the emotional characteristics of impulsive, unstable and extreme etc., to his bad mood lack of profound understanding. Therefore, teachers in teaching, to let students underst

22、and the mood and performance on the effects of physical and mental health; then, students are required to understand the emotional characteristics of their own; the post to let students learn to regulate their emotions. Teachers should encourage students to cultivate positive mood: also pay attentio

23、n to the emotional reaction degree, that emotion is too strong and durable, such as excessive joy and sorrow, is not conducive to peoples physical and mental health. 2. interpersonal counseling (1) human relations The interpersonal relationship contains three components: one is the cognitive compone

24、nt, refers to the interpersonal relationship status of understanding, is the human perception of the results; the second is the emotional component, is the basis of interpersonal relationships, both emotionally refers to the degree of attention and relationship; third is the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -

25、 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页behavior of components, means the actual intercourse and results external performance. Students interpersonal relationship refers to the relationship between people and people in the class in thought and emotion interact directly. (2) the main manifestations of inter

26、personal difficulties in middle school students The lonely. Loneliness is a kind of helpless, caused by stray lonely boring and unpleasant emotional experience. The characteristics of social phobia. Social phobia is an abnormal fear and anxiety on normal social activities. The aggressive behavior. A

27、s setbacks, anxiety restless, rage, wounding, damaged goods, for parents, teachers and students also truculent and unreasonable, aggressive behavior. (3) interpersonal counseling of middle school students; Student relationship is the most basic interpersonal relationship among high school students.

28、Teachers should teach students how to deal with the conflicts between students. The teacher-student relationship is also an important interpersonal relationship for middle school students to learn to get along with each other (three) career choice guidance; 1., understand the profession, cultivate p

29、rofessional consciousness Understanding of occupation understanding and work on job 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 15 页requirements for job seekers. Understanding of the work itself including the task and perform other duties. Humanrequirement include the employees requirements

30、 of professional knowledge and occupation skills, personality, physical ability, professional attitude and values etc. requirements. Teachers to cultivate students employment consciousness. 2. provide professional information Help students learn more about career information, employment information

31、and social development 3. help students understand themselves One-sided emphasis on knowledge and learning, especially pay attention to the cultivation of students language ability and logic ability, while ignoring the development of other skills and training, when the students out of the school gat

32、e, facing the adaptability problem of choosing, seeking business, employment and occupation, they often do not know what to do, it is difficult to adapt to the diversified social development. Therefore and students can through the evaluation of others to realize their potential, can also come to kno

33、w themselves through their own ability, can also ask experts about their activities of measurement and evaluation to a special understanding of their own. Two, the ways, principles and goals of psychological counseling for middle school students (1) approaches to psychological counselling in schools

34、 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 15 页1. Setting up courses on mental health education 2., open psychological counseling activities 3., infiltrate the content of mental health education in subject teaching 4., combining the class and team activities to carry out mental health edu

35、cation 5. individual counseling or counseling 6. Group Counseling (two) the principle of psychological counseling 1., the principle of facing all students 2., the principle of combining prevention with development 3. respect and understand the principles of students 4. respect the principle of stude

36、nt subjectivity 5., the principle of individual treatment 6., the principle of holistic development (three) the aim of school psychological guidance; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 15 页The first is to adjust, including the adjustment and adaptation. The second is to seek develo

37、pment. These two goals, is to adjust the basic goal, and this is the main goal of psychological counseling can be called adaptive guidance; seek development is the highest goal, and this is the main goal of psychological counseling can be called development counseling. Three, the main method of psyc

38、hological counseling 1. strengthening method Strengthening method is used to develop new adaptive behavior. According to the principle of learning, a behavior, if followed by a reinforcing stimulus, this behavior will happen again. For example, a student cant talk with the teacher, learning encounte

39、red difficult problems do not have the courage to ask the teacher for advice, when once he dare to take the initiative to the teacher ask the teacher, give praise, and patiently answer, the students can learn to take the initiative to ask the teachers behavior. 2. systematic desensitization Systemat

40、ic desensitization refers to when someone for something, a sensitive environment (fear, anxiety), we can develop an incompatible reaction in the body, which can cause allergic reactions to things, sensitive reaction does not occur. For example, a student too afraid of the cat we can see, let him cho

41、ose cat pictures, talk about cats; let him watch far caged cat, let him near the cage cat; finally let him touch the cat, pick up the cat, the cats reaction to eliminate fear. This 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 15 页is the desensitization. Systematic desensitization pioneered b

42、y wal Erpa systematic desensitization involves several steps: (1) relax the whole body (2) set up the scale of anxiety stimulation The anxiety rating was based on the subjective feelings of the tutor, and the top one was the stimulus that only caused the least degree of anxiety (3) anxiety stimulati

43、on and relaxation activities Let students easily sit on the chair, close your eyes and make muscle relaxation exercise. To fully relax, ask students to imagine the anxiety scale of the first stimulus stimulus situation, and then transferred to imagine second stimulus situation. If the students feel

44、nervous, take muscle tension, muscle relaxation exercises and then at the same time. With a passion to imagine environment, until no longer feel anxiety so far. 30-40 seconds to relax muscles after exercise, imagine the rank table third stimulus situation. So through training, until the rank table o

45、f all stimulus situation, if the relaxed imagination training has some achievements, can later be verified in reality in the context of. 3. cognitive therapy Cognitive therapy produced in the United States in twentieth Century 60 to 70s, according to peoples cognition, emotion and 精选学习资料 - - - - - -

46、 - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 15 页behavior affect the theoretical hypothesis, the adverse cognitive cognitive and behavioral techniques to change the Qiuzhi psychological therapy, to correct and adapt to bad behavior. Cognitive therapy is a newly developed method of psychological treatment, ma

47、inly focus on its cognitive problems in patients with non functional, the intention of psychological problems by changing the patient himself, to the views and attitudes to change and improve the presentation. Cognitive therapy is generally divided into four treatment processes: (1) establishing mot

48、ivation for help: in this process, we should recognize maladaptive cognition, an emotional behavior type, and patients and therapists to achieve a consensus about their problems; Give an explanation of the bad behavior and estimate the expected outcome of the correction. For example, it allows the p

49、atient to monitor his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and the therapist gives directions, explanations, and cognitive demonstrations (2) to correct maladaptive cognition: in this process, patients should be allowed to develop new cognition and behavior to replace maladaptive cognition and behavio

50、r. For example, therapists instruct patients to apply new cognition and behavior extensively 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 15 页(3) develop the concept of competition in dealing with the problems of everyday life, with new cognition against the original cognition. In this proc