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1、Case1(Page23)三种文化 while visiting egyptThiscasetookplacein3cultures.Thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortstoachieveunderstnading.1）InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmerica

2、nscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostorhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimente

3、dtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein!”2）InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongagroup,andthatthegroupisvaluedmorethananyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytob

4、einconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakewasmakinggreateffortstodefendhimselfeveniftheerrorisnotintentiona.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate3)WhenitcomestoEngland,wexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmenthanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyo

5、thergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluessexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertained,buttheydifferinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestat

6、anAmericanpartyisobewho“makeshimselfathome”.FortheEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.Case2(Page24)韩国留学生 I was frustrated with a low Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvsconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peop

7、letendtosaywhatisontheirmindsandmeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedtoaskquestionswhentheyneedclarification.MexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewithAmericancultureinsomesituations,andthatswhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthetechniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanp

8、eoplegenerallypreferindirectcommunicationstyle,andthereforetheytendnottosaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreonimplicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrepectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughanyimproperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,an

9、dwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3(Page24)随身听Our school offers a term abroad Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,MarydidntrealizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyevery

10、oneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswooulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactiona

11、swellasherpracticalproblem(thebatteriesrunningout).Case4(Page25)日本人对美国人看法 A young Japanese studentItmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfas

12、t.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshiparewarm,butcasualandspecialized.Forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthemorningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner-notbecauseyoudontthinkshecoul

13、dhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamoredistantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecialoccasion.Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondonemovesnearby,youarelikelytoreser

14、vethis-seethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andinvitethefirstonemoreformallytodinner.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendsrapidly,andtheydontfeellikeitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodo

15、so,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstances,peoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.Case5(Page60)中国导游 In early 1980sAnalysis:TheChineseguideshouldrefusethefirstofferbecauseheisobeyingtheChineserulesforcommunication.WeChinesearemodest,politeandwell-behaved.Maybetheguideiswaitingforase

16、condorthirdofferofbeer,buthedoesntknowthereasonsbehindtheruleinAmericanculturethatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybeallergic.Whateverthereason,youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol.Sotheypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertotheg

17、uide.Case6(Page61)中国医生的母亲 Ten years agoWhenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:utterancemeaning,thespeakersmeaningandthehearersmeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzaskedhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoingtostay,shemeantthatifsheknewhowlongshewasgoingtosatyinFinland,shewou

18、ldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsforher,suchastakingherouttosomesightseeing.However,hermother-in-lawtookLitzsquestiontomean“Litzdoesnotwantmetosatyforlong”.FromtheChinesepointofview,itseemsinappropriateforLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterhermother-in-lawsarrival.Ifshehastoaskthequestion,itwouldb

19、ebettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldnotlethermother-in-lawhearit.Case7(Page62)Analysis:外国学生礼物 As a foreign studentKeikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddonthaveonetoofferinreturn,youw

20、illprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesntofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowthecare,respect,gratitudeandfurtherfriendship.Keikoscollegefriendswouldratherroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemsandtheyarewillingtohaveherusethem.Theyre

21、allyexpectednothingfromher.ForinAmerica,peopledonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.TheywouldneverconsidertheseolditemsasgiftstoKeiko.SoKeikosvaluablegiftshavemadeherAmericanfriendsfeeluncomfortableCase8(Page62)爱上中国男孩 I fell in love with WhentheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanb

22、oyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChritmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirls.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfrienddisappointedatthe“shabby”ChineseChristmas.ThatswhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheministersfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvedinner.Sh

23、ethoughtthemenufortheChritmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.Howcouldshenoticethenthefoodchosenbyhermotherwereallherfavorites?Fromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesinwhatisappropriatefoodforabanquet,

24、whataregoodtablemanners,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamejustbecauseonescultureisdifferentfromothers.AsAmysmothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.Case 9 (Page 96) 日本人 Phil Downing ,an eager your executiveTraditional Japanese respect

25、their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. The elders in traditional Japanese families are typically overpowered. So the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture challenging or disagreeing with eilders opinions would be deemed as being d

26、isrespectful. That is why the young chairman said nothing but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. And it results in the Japanese. companyswithdrawalfromthenegotiationsconcerningarelationshipwithPhilscompanyaweeklater.Case10(Page97)日本公司 mr legrand is a French engineerInJapan,acompanyisverymu

27、chlikeabigfamily,inwhichthemanagerwilltakecareoftheemployeesandtheemployeesareexpectedtocevotethemselvestothedevelopmentofthecompanyand,ifitisnecessary,tosacrificetheirowninterestsfortheinterestsofthecompany.ButtotheFrench,acompanyisjustaloosely-knitsocialorganizationwhereinindividualsaresupposedtot

28、akecareofthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Andthefamilyisthenumberonepriority,whichisunliketheJapanesemodel“notinvolvingfemalesandtherighttodecidebydominantmale”.Case11(Page97)日本人在堪培拉 In Canberra Inmostcultures,anapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormshastakenplace.TomanyWesterners,Japaneseapo

29、logizemorefrequentlyandanapologyinJapanesedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonisacknowledgingafault.TomanyJapanese,WestenersmayseemtoberudejustbecausetheydonotapologizeasoftenastheJapanesewoulddo.Inthiscase,theatitudeoftheAustralianstudentsparentsisshockingtheJapanesebutwillbeacceptableinanEnglish-sp

30、eakingsociety,forthestudentisalreadyanadultandcanberesponsibleforherowndeeds.Case 12 (Page 98) 在加拿大 One of canadas leading banks In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectation were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be confusing to the Chinese.Second, in

31、 China, it is a tradition for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal. By not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese from the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians

32、lack of understanding of the Chinese culture would be a problem in their dealing with the visiting delegation.Case13第二次世界大战 Near the end of World war IIThisexamplevividlyillustratesthatfailuresininterculturaltranslationmayprobablyleadtoveryseriousconsequence,orevendisasterstohumanbeings.Definitely,t

33、ranslationisnotsuchasimpleprocessasrenderingaword,asentenceoratextliterally,butratherafarmorecomplexonethanmostpeopleassumed.Forexample,onceaChinesecosmeticmanufacturerwantedtopromotetheirproductsintotheinternationalmarket.Thesloganoftheadvertisementwas:sweetasJade,sinceinChinesejadewasalwaysemploye

34、dtocomplimentwomansbeauty;butunfortunately,itwasnotanappropriatewordtodescribethebeautyofaladyinWesterncultures.InEnglish,jadeinitsuseofreferringawomanhadtheconnotationssuchasvulgar,rude,immoral,orskittish.Undoubtedly,thesalesinEuropeancountrieswerenotsatisfying.Theseemingequivalentsbetweenlanguages

35、mayhaveverydifferentconnotationsindifferentcultures,thusthetranslatorshouldbecautiousintheprocessofdoingthetranslationsoastoavoidmisunderstandings.Case14我失骄杨君失柳“杨”referstoYangKaihuiwhowasMaoZedongsdeceasedwifeand柳referstoLiuzhixunwhowasLishuyisdeceasedhusband.Theycanbetranslatedindifferentways,butit

36、seemstobeverydifficult,ifnotimpossible,toachieveequivalenceintranslatingfromChineseintoEnglish.Adoptingtheliteraltranslationstrategy,version1appearstobefaithfultotheoriginalbutmayeasilyconfusethereadersinthetargetlanguage.Version2employstheliberaltranslationstrategywithanattempttoconveytheoriginalme

37、aningaspreciselyaspossible.However,theoriginalpoeticflavorislostastherhetoricdevicepunisnotreproduced.Case15轻快的龙舟如银河流星Thetranslationseemstobefaithfultotheoriginal,butitmaynotbereallygoodforthepurposeofinterculturalcommunication.Foreignreadersofthetranslationmayfinditstrangeandinappropriate.Thefollow

38、ingiswhatafriendlyAmericanjournalisthascommentedonthetranslation:Myfirstreactionwasunfortunatelylaughterbecauseitissofullofmistakes.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragon-BoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.ThesethingsareimportantThecopyseemstotrytosnowtherea

39、derwithfanciful,overblownassertionsabouthowterrificitallis,butinunintentionallyhilariouslanguagethatleavesthereaderlaughingoutuninformedThebrochurealsosuffersfromlackofbackgroundmaterial,thetaking-if-for-grantedthatthereaderalreadyisfamiliarwithmanyaspectsofChinesehistoryandcultureItdoesnttellyouwhe

40、retogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenandclosed,howmuchtheycost,andsoforth.Allthesearethingspeoplevisitinganareawanttoknow.WhyisitthatmanyChinesetravelguidesreadbasicallythesame,nomatterwhatregionisbeingwrittenabout,andaresopackedwithindiscriminatehyperbole?Lessexaggerationwouldactuallybemoreconvinc

41、ingCase16红楼梦ComparingthetwoEnglishversions,wecanseethatinYangsversionmoreculturally-loadedmeaningsareconveyedfromtheoriginalwhileHawkesversionmaybeeasierforEnglish-speakingreaderstocomprehend.Lookatsomeofthedifferencesbetweenthetwoversionsofthisextract:Bycomparingdifferenttranslationsofthesametext,wecanachieveabetterunderstandingofculturalgapsanddifferencesandthenlearntoemployproperstrategiestobridgethosegapsintranslatingacrosslanguagesforinterculturalcommunication.Case17两个男人在飞