研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课文及课后习题答案.docx

《研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课文及课后习题答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课文及课后习题答案.docx（265页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、新编讨论生英语系列教程讨论生英语阅读教程进步级/第三版 Lesson 1Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk 1 Lesson 2Humbled by Nature, Humble by Culture 9 Lesson 3How We Broke the Murdoch Scandal14 Unit Two Reading Biographies and Personal RecollectionsLesson 4 BillClinton21 Lesson 5Steve Jobs39 Lesson 6A Beautiful Mind42 Unit Three

2、Reading Essays Lesson 7A Christmas Sermon on Peace57 Lesson 8Left for Dead64 Lesson 9Spell of the Rising Moon68 Unit Four Reading Scientific and Technical Articles Lesson 10OurPicture of the Universe74 Lesson 11Mind over Machine87 Lesson 122 Inches Between Life, Death95 Unit Five Reading Short Stori

3、es and Novels Lesson 13Cat in the Rain101 Lesson 14The Stolen Party106 Lesson 15A Summers Reading109 课文全文参考译文 113 Unit One Reading News ReportsLesson 1Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk KEYS TO EXERCISES . Reading Comprehension A. 1. B (Paragraph 1: Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP wa

4、s developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money.) 2. C (Paragraph 1: None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic none other than: used to emphasize the surprising identity of a person or thing 正是，恰是) 3. D (Paragraph 4:

5、 For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does.) 4. B (Paragraph 4: When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan.) 5

6、. C (Paragraph 6: After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet the additional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.) 6. B (Paragraph 7: When the stakes are high enough, it falls to gov

7、ernment to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so.) 7. D (Paragraph 8: Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.) 8. A (Paragraph 10: The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficit

8、s that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming yearsand the possibility that lenders will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington.) 9. A (Paragraph 12: Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easi

9、er to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, its only natural to have this hope. But that doesnt make it wise.) 10. D (The whole text.) B. Reasons Behind Wrong Actions Consequences Suggested Solutions Deepwater Horizon Obsession with profits Cost cutting BP should be f

10、ully aware of Safety could not be the potential risks and spend guaranteed more money to make their Human weakness Underestimating the risks facilities safer. Congress and the Obama administration should take A 1990 Congress law put a Federal law helped BP sensible steps, like lifting Government pol

11、icy cap on spillers liability for executives underestimate the liability cap and freeing cleanup cost at $75 million. the costs of damages. regulators from the sway of industry. . Vocabulary A. 1. C2. B3. C4. B5. A6. D7. D8. D9. C10. A B. 1. cap 2. In the wake of 3. proverbial 4. stem from 5. odds 6

12、. given 7. come what may 8. Far from 9. sway 10. In retrospect . Cloze 1. wisdom 2. tend 3. shrink 4. unexpected 5. puzzle 6. came up with 7. severe 8. altered 9. Regardless of 10. necessarily . Translation 1. 就连乔 巴顿，对全球变暖持疑心看法、来自得克萨斯州共和党众议员，都指责BP 管理人员“对平安和环境问题表现得漠不关切。 2. 明显，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉影响，高管们真盼望可

13、以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线更平安。他们没有增加这笔费用就说明他们认为钻机在当时状态下不会出问题。 3. 埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事务发生后，在1990 年一个法案很少引人留意一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用责任上限定为7 500 万美元。即使对旅游业、渔业等造成经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅须要支付7 500 万美元。 4. 不过，假如认为我们目前仍旧低估只是那些突然间引人注目风险，那是特别愚蠢。 . Oral Practice and Discussion 1. What are the two basic and opposite types of mistakes we

14、humans tend to make We make two basicand oppositetypes of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. 2. What lessons s

15、hould we learn from the Deepwater Horizon Open. 3. At the time of maximizing profits, what else should a responsible company do 4. What are the challenges in developing the economy without harming the environment MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE TEXT 1. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill: (also referred to a

16、s the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster, or the Macondo blowout) an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in 2021. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. The spill stemmed from a sea-floor oil gush

17、er that resulted from the April 20, 2021, explosion of Deepwater Horizon, which drilled on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. The explosion killed 11 men working on the platform and injured 17 others. On July 15, 2021, the leak was stopped by capping the gushing wellhead, after it had released about

18、4.9 million barrels (780,000 m3) of crude oil. An estimated 53,000 barrels per day (8,400 m3/d) escaped from the well just before it was capped. It is believed that the daily flow rate diminished over time, starting at about 62,000 barrels per day (9,900 m3/d) and decreasing as the reservoir of hydr

19、ocarbons feeding the gusher was gradually depleted. On September 19, 2021, the relief well process was successfully completed, and the federal government declared the well “effectively dead. In August 2021, oil and oil sheen covering several square miles of water were reported surfacing not far from

20、 BPs Macondo well. Scientific analysis confirmed the oil is a chemical match for Macondo 252. The Coast Guard said the oil was too dispersed to recover. The spill caused extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and to the Gulfs fishing and tourism industries. Skimmer ships, floating containm

21、ent booms, anchored barriers, sand- filled barricades along shorelines, and dispersants were used in an attempt to protect hundreds of miles of beaches, wetlands, and estuaries from the spreading oil. Scientists also reported immense underwater plumes of dissolved oil not visible at the surface as w

22、ell as an 80-square-mile (210 km) “kill zone surrounding the blown well. In late November 2021, 4,200 square miles (11,000 km) of the Gulf were re-closed to shrimping after tar balls were found in shrimpers nets. The amount of Louisiana shoreline affected by oil grew from 287 miles (462 km) in July

23、to 320 miles (510 km) in late November 2021. In January 2021, an oil spill commissioner reported that tar balls continue to wash up, oil sheen trails are seen in the wake of fishing boats, wetlands marsh grass remains fouled and dying, and crude oil lies offshore in deep water and in fine silts and

24、sands onshore. A research team found oil on the bottom of the seafloor in late February 2021 that did not seem to be degrading. On May 26, 2021, the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality extended the state of emergency related to the oil spill. By July 9, 2021, roughly 491 miles (790kilomete

25、rs) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida remained contaminated by BP oil, according to a NOAA spokesperson. In October 2021, a NOAA report shows dolphins and whales continue to die at twice the normal rate. In January 2021 the White House oil spill commission released its fina

26、l report on the causes of the oil spill. They blamed BP and its partners for making a series of cost-cutting decisionsand the lack of a system to ensure well safety. They also concluded that the spill was not an isolated incident caused by “rogue industry or government officials, but that “the root

27、causes are systemic and, absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur. After its own internal probe, BP admitted that it made mistakes which led to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. In June 2021 BP set up a $20 billion fund to compensate victims of the o

28、il spill. To July 2021, the fund has paid $4.7 billion to 198,475 claimants. In all, the fund has nearly 1 million claims and continues to receive thousands of claims each week. In September 2021, the U.S. government published its final investigative report on the accident. In essence, that report s

29、tates that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident. 2. The Prudhoe Bay oil spill: (2006 Alaskan oil spill) an oil spill that was discovered on March 2, 2006 at a pipeline owned by BP Exploration, Alaska (BP

30、XA) in western Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Initial estimates said that up to 267,000 U.S. gallons (6,400 bbl) were spilled over 1.9 acres (7,700 m2), making it the largest oil spill on Alaskas north slope to date. Alaskas unified command ratified the volume of crude oil spilled as 212,252 U.S. gallons (5,0

31、53.6 bbl) in March 2021. The spill originated from a 0.25-inch (0.64 cm) hole in a 34-inch (86 cm) diameter pipeline. The pipeline was decommissioned and later replaced with a 20-inch (51 cm) diameter pipeline with its own pipeline inspection gauge (pig) launch and recovery sites for easier inspecti

32、on. In November 2007, BP Exploration, Alaska (BPXA) pled guilty to negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanor under the federal Clean Water Act and was fined US$20 million. BP reported to the media that an estimated volume of around 267,000 U.S. gallons (1,010,000 L) of oil was spilled. Soon after th

33、e discovery of the leak, the U.S. Department of Transportation ordered BP to test its pipelines using an internal probe called a smart pig. Some of these lines had not been smart-pigged since 1992. BP came up with an Action Plan which was outlined in a letter sent to Thomas Barrett, administrator fo

34、r pipeline safety for Department of Transportations Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). BPs Steve Marshall detailed measures for pigging or removing oil residue from the pipeline and for various draining and dismantling procedures. Marshall also noted that a special 27 me

35、mber task force was appointed to address the situation. As a result of news of the shutdown, the price of crude oil on NYMEX jumped US$2.22 a barrel closing at US$76.98 per barrel. Following the Prudhoe Bay pipeline leak in March 2006, due to slow progress in stopping the oil spill, BP was forced to

36、 shut down its Prudhoe Bay oil facility, which produced about 2.6% of the United States demand for gasoline. The scenario was a contributing factor for pushing the price of oil to US$77 per barrel in August 2006. In July 2006, BP sent a smart pig through its eastern pipelines, detecting extensive co

37、rrosion at several places. Soon after that BP began temporary production shut down of the eastern side, citing the discovery of “unexpectedly severe corrosion. This reduced the per day production 3 3 from 400,000 barrels (64,000 m ) to 200,000 barrels (32,000 m ). This amounted to reduction in domes

38、tic oil supply by 8% at that time. In October 2007, BP was fined US$20 million for the Prudhoe Bay oil spills. BP has paid a US$12 million federal criminal fine, US$4 million in criminal restitution to the state, and US$4 million for Arctic research. BPs local subsidiary, BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc

39、., was placed on probation for three years. 3. 2005 Texas City Refinery explosion: In March 2005, BPs Texas City, Texas refinery, one of its largest refineries, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes. A large colum

40、n filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addre

41、ssed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London. The fallout from the accident continues to cloud BPs corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There have been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the U.S. Ch