1994年考研英语真题张剑及精析.docx

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1、1994 年试题与分析Section Use of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of wor

2、ds _3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may _4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6_, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _7 difficult for the listener to

3、understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. A of B atC forD on2. A inaccessibleB timelyC likelyD invalid3. A encouragesB preventsC destroy

4、sD offers4. A pass outB take awayC back upD stir up5. A whoB asC whichD what6. A MoreoverB HoweverC PreliminarilyD Unexpectedly7. A thatB itC soD this8. A speechB senseC messageD meaning9. A obscureB difficultC impossibleD unable10. A caseB meansC methodD way一、 文章构造总体分析语言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。说话时，选词至关重要。恰

5、当地选词可以消退沟通障碍，不慎重的词语会阻碍说话双方的思想沟通。二、 试题解析1.答案 A解析 本题考核的学问点是：介词的用法。本文第一句提出，对于语言来说，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。First和smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。此后，文章进一步指出，说话时选择词语特别重要。我们看到，空格后是一个名词性短语utmost importance，而所给的四个选项全是介词，也就是说所选的介词应当与这个名词性短语组合在一起，做be动词的表语。of的一个特定用法是：of+表示评估意义的抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词，可做表语，表示具有某种性质、状况。如：of great use

6、=great useful, of importance=important, 所以A为正确选项。2. 答案 C解析 本题考核的学问点是：逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。前面已经提到，单词在语言中占有首要地位，因此，说话时对词语的选用就变得特别重要。本句大意为：恰当的选词可以消退沟通过程中.的障碍。likely意为“可能发生的”，不管从语法角度，还是从逻辑角度讲都特别恰当。inaccessible表示“难以到达的，难以接近的”，如：This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。我们知道，说话过程中完全可能出

7、现沟通的障碍，所以inaccessible不恰当。timely意为“刚好的，准时的”，如：a timely treatment刚好的治疗。invalid意为“无效的”，如：an invalid license作废的执照，都不符合句意。3. 答案 B解析 本题考核的学问点是：逻辑语意搭配。上文始终是从正面角度议论单词在沟通中所处的地位，以及它起到的主动作用；本句开场文章从反面角度来讨论这一点。前面已经提到，恰当的选词可以消退沟通障碍，由此可以推出，乱用词语将会增加这种障碍。prevent意为“防止，阻碍”，用在文中表示“词语运用不当阻碍了说话双方思想的沟通”，正好描绘了这种增加障碍的反作用，所以

8、是正确答案。encourage表示“激励，怂恿”，有促进之意，如：I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我激励她用功并为这次考试做努力。offer意为“供给，出价”，如：I offered him some money for his help.因为他帮了忙，我给了他一些钱。以上两个词语与文意要求的含义正好相反。destroy意为“消灭，破坏，歼灭”，它虽然是贬义词，但一般是对已经存在的事物而言，且语气很剧烈，放在此处不适宜。4. 答案 D解析 本题考核的学问点是：动词短语语意辨析。空格所在句子由存在因果关系

9、的两个分句构成。前一分句的主语是the words，宾语是unfavorable reactions in the listener（听者不开心的反响）；后一分句的含义是“因此，这种说话者和听者的发送接收系统就会中断”。从句意推断空格处应当填入一个表达“造成，引起”含义的短语。stir up 表示“引起，激起”，为正确选项。pass out做及物动词时，意为“分发，安排”；take away意为“取走”，back up 意为“支持，倒退”，均不符合文意。5. 答案 C解析 本题考核的学问点是：定语从句。从上一题的分析可知，The wordsin the listener是一个语法构造完好的句子

10、，因此我们可以推想listener之后的部分为一个定语从句。但要弄清晰的是，这个定语从句修饰的不是listener，因为interfere with his comprehension(干扰他的理解)中his指代的只能是“听者”，那么interfere的主语应当是前面的unfavorable reactions。因此，我们可能确定这个定语从句的先行词为reactions，which可引导先行词为事物的定语从句，为正确选项。who 引导先行词为人的定语从句；as引导限制性定语从句须要与such结合在一起运用；what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。6. 答案 A解析 本题考核的学问点是：逻

11、辑关系。前文始终在讨论不恰当运用词语的害处，本句的主语是inaccurate or indefinite words，意为“不准确或不明确的词语”，可见还是在议论这种害处，也就是说，与上一句之间仍旧是承接或递进的关系。moreover意为“此外”，表示递进关系，符合题意。该句可译为“此外，不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解传递给他的信息”。however意为“但是”，表示转折；preliminarily意为“首先，起初”，不表示承接关系；unexpectedly意为“出乎意料地，想不到地”，有转折的含义。7. 答案 B解析 本题考核的学问点是：句子的平衡。英语句中为了保持句子的平衡，常常运用

12、it作为形式宾语或形式主语。动词make后面的宾语是不定式时，就常常用it做形式宾语，代替后面的不定式。本题空格处填入it，指代的就是下文的to understand the 。that不能做形式宾语；假如运用so，则全句找不到make的宾语，语法构造不完好；this不能做形式宾语。8. 答案 C解析 本题考核的学问点是：逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。本题空格处填入一名词，紧跟其后的是which引导的定语从句。明显，填入的名词在该从句中做主语，由于该从句运用了被动语态，因此我们要选择的是可以与transmit搭配，做其宾语的名词。transmit的含义为“发送，传达”，四个选项中只有messag

13、e可以与之搭配，表示“传达信息”。speech意为“演说，讲话”；sense意为“感官，感觉”；meaning表示“意思，含义”，一般不与transmit搭配。9. 答案 D解析 本题考核的学问点是：形容词词辨析。本句的主语是the speaker, who 引导了一个定语从句，修饰speaker。大意是：一个常用词汇中没有具体而准确词语的人可能将事情说明或描绘得足以让听者听懂。由此看出，这里还是在讨论不正确运用词语的害处。填入的词既能修饰人，又有否认句义。unable表示“不能的，不会的”，可以修饰人，为正确选项。obscure意为“暗的，朦胧的，模糊的”，一般不修饰人，如：an obscu

14、re sound模糊的声音；an obscure passage 一段难懂的文章。difficult和impossible都不运用本句型，假如运用这两个词可以把句子转变为：It is difficult/impossible for the speaker to explain10. 答案 D解析 本题考核的学问点是：逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。空格处的名词构成介词短语in a ，修饰动词explain or describe，在文中的含义是“说话人不行能说明或描绘”。in a way是习惯搭配，表示“以某种方式、方法”，语法意义都正确。in a case表示“在某种状况下”，不符合句意。me

15、ans意为“方法、手段”，method意为“方法，方式”，都不与in a搭配，而与介词by连用，如：The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。They did it by a new method.他们用一种新方法做的。三、全文翻译关于语言，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。说话的时候，选词是至关重要的。恰当的选词可以消退沟通过程中可能出现的障碍。通常，不慎重的词语运用将阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想沟通。说话者运用的词语可能会引起听者不开心的反响，干扰他的理解，因此，“传送接收”系统出现故障。此外，不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解正

16、在传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中假如没有具体而准确的词，就不行能用听话人能理解的方式进展说明或描绘。Section Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace f

17、or those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in

18、 the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in

19、a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by sel

20、ler-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producer

21、s, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they

22、are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price

23、of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means_. A Americans are never satisfied with their incomes B Americans tend to overstate their incomes C Americans want to have their incomes increas

24、ed D Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_. A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production B consumers can express their demands through producers C producers decide the prices of products D

25、supply and demand regulate prices 13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_. A private property and rights concerned B manpower and natural resources control C ownership of productive resources D free contracts and prices 14. The passage is mainly about_. A how

26、American goods are produced B how American consumers buy their goods C how American economic system works D how American businessmen make their profits 一、文章构造总体分析本文是一篇介绍美国经济构造的文章，主要阐述美国的经济以私营企业为根底、以市场经济为导向。文中反复出现的中心词组是private-enterprise, market-oriented economy system (in America)。第一段：首句是全文的主题，即主要讨论

27、美国经济体制的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调整作用。末句是该段的主题它将全文中心思想换了一种方式表达，分析和指出消费者的需求、企业家对最大利润的追求和个人对收入获得最大收益的渴望这三个因素共同确定着消费什么和如何运用资源进展消费。第二段：主题词是price system，首句是该段的主题句，说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是价格机制。第三段：说明私营经济的性质和特点，即财产私有，同时还拥有相关权利。二、试题分析11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means_. 第一段第11

28、行的“个人想最大限度地扩大收入”在文中的含义是_。A Americans are never satisfied with their incomes A 美国人从来没有对其收入满足过B Americans tend to overstate their incomesB 美国人往往夸张自己的收入C Americans want to have their incomes increasedC 美国人想让自己的收入得到增加D Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomesD 美国人想进步自己收入的购置力答案 D解

29、析 本题考核的学问点是：句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”将消费者和消费者的愿望比照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列，作用、意义完全一样。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入获得最大的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者盼望使确定的收入获得最大限

30、度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而D选项恰是此意。A和B选项未在原文提及。C选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是消费者与消费者之间的关系。12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_. 第二段前两句告知我们_。A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production A 消费者可以通过机械化消费满足消费者B consumers can express their demands through producers B 消费者可以通过消

31、费者表达自己的需求C producers decide the prices of products C 消费者确定商品价格D supply and demand regulate pricesD （商品）供求关系确定（商品）价格答案 D解析 本题考核的学问点是：事实细微环节题。D选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers”的概括，为正确答案。A选项在这两句中并未涉及。留意文中第一句的mechanism意为

32、“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选B选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应当是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by producers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而消费者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反响。B选项理解成

33、consumer demands can be expressedby producers。C选项与第二句“供求关系确定价格”不符，也应当解除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。留意：干扰选项常常运用原文中出现的词语或类似的构造伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项确定要细致辨细致伪。13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_. 根据文章，私营企业经济的特点是_。A private property and rights concerned 私人财产及相关权利B manpower and na

34、tural resources control 劳动力及其自然资源的限制C ownership of productive resources 消费资料的全部权D free contracts and prices自由合同和价格答案 A解析 本题考核的学问点是：段落主旨题。题干要求考生答复私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有消费资料（私人财产）、允许个人雇用劳动力和限制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如：产品价格确实定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only but also更说明了此段主旨。A

35、选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。而B、C和D选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是A选项下的具体内容，缺乏概括性，不应当入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细微环节与段落中心是部分与整体的关系。14.The passage is mainly about_. 文章的主要内容是_。A how American goods are producedA 美国商品的消费过程B how American consumers buy their goods B 美国消费者如何购物C how American economic system works C 美国经济体制如何运作D how American busi

36、nessmen make their profits D 美国商人如何赚取利润答案 C解析 本题考核的学问点是：文章主旨题。解此题须要理解文章各段的主旨。第一段阐述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步阐述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文阐述的中心。C选项正反映了这一主题。A、B和D选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细微环节，比拟片面，应当解除。此题还可以通过干脆对选项进展比拟解除来解题。A、B和D都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中随意一个可代表其他两个，而C选项概括性强，可以包括A、B和D，故C为正确答案。三

37、、长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.该句的主干是“The American economic

38、 system is organized around a economy in which”, economy 前面的定语修饰成分是private-enterprise, market-oriented，后面是in which 引导的定语从句。从句的主干是“consumers determine what by spending for”, what 引导宾语从句，by引导的分词构造做状语，而这个方式状语中for引导的介词短语又做动词spend的目的状语，此外，其中还嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句。译文：美国的经济体制是在根本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济根底上建立起来的。在这个经济

39、体制上，须要消费什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购置他们最须要的商品和效劳确定的。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resource

40、s are used to produce it.此句的主干是it is that together determine强调句。coupled with和and连接三个并列成分the demand of individual consumers, the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes。determine后是what和how连接的并列的宾语从句，句末it指代的是前面的what shall be produced。此外，留意一开场的thus说

41、明该句是前面阐述部分的结论。译文：在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人获得最大利润的追求和消费者渴望最大限度地增加自己的收入共同确定应当消费什么和如何利用资源去消费这些产品。If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.留意句子中的in short supply意思是“供给缺乏”，relative to意思是“相对于”。考生还应当留意short的其他用法。1) r

42、un short：用完、耗尽，如：Our money is running out.我们的钱快用完了。 2) for short：简称，缩写，如：His real name was Thomas, but he was called Tom for short.他的真名叫汤姆斯，可以简称为汤姆。3）in short：简言之，总之，如：In short, they gave him no peace day or night.简言之，他们让他日夜不宁。译文：假如产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消逝。In the American economy, the concept

43、of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .留意句子主干是：the concept of private property embraces not only but also。其中including分词构造做

44、后置定语，对certain rights进展修饰。句中的embrace意思是：拥有，包括，如：The organization embraces persons of differing political stands.那个组织里有不同政治立场的人。译文：在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对消费资料的全部权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括对产品的定价格和与另一私营者签订自由合同的权利。If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to inc

45、rease the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.该句的主干是“If this will tend to increase which will”，前面条件从句的主语是动名词producing, 主句的主语this 指的是reducing its cost这件事，定语从句中的which指代整个主句的内容。in turn意思是：相应地，转而。如：Increased production will,

46、 in turn, lead to increased profits.增加消费会继而增加利润。译文：另一方面，假如商品的大量消费导致本钱的降低，这会促使增加销售商和消费商的供给，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购置产品。佳句本文不长，构造比拟简洁清晰，可以当做写作范文赏析和仿照。留意文章的写作对象是American economy，所以文中围绕它绽开叙述，连词的运用亦使文章构造更为紧凑。The American economic system is Private businessmen, ; and the profit motive, Thus, in the American

47、economic system it isAn important factor in a market-oriented economy is In the American economy, this mechanism If If, on the other hand, Thus, price in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is In the American economy, the concept of private property四、词汇注释（1） enterprise (n