2015年北师大大学考博英语真题试卷.docx

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1、2015年北京师范高校考博英语真题试卷(总分68, 做题时间90分钟)1. Reading ComprehensionThe human ear contains the organ for hearing and the organ for balance. Both organs involve fluid-filled channels containing hair cells that produce electrochemical impulses when the hairs are stimulated by moving fluid. The ear can be divid

2、ed into three regions: outer, middle, and inner. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them to the eardrum separating the outer ear from the middle ear. The middle ear conducts sound vibrations through three small bones to the inner ear. The inner ear is a network of channels containing flu

3、id that moves in response to sound or movement. To perform the function of hearing, the ear converts the energy of pressure waves moving through the air into nerve impulses that me brain perceives as sound. Vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords of a speaking person, create waves in me surroundi

4、ng air. These waves cause the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency. The three bones of the middle ear amplify and transmit the vibrations to the oval window, a membrane on the surface of the cochlea, the organ of hearing. Vibrations of me oval window produce pressure waves in the fluid inside

5、me cochlea. Hair cells in the cochlea convert the energy of the vibrating fluid into impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain. The organ for balance is also located in the inner ear. Sensations related to body position are generated much like sensations of sound. Hair cells in the

6、inner ear respond to changes in head position with respect to gravity and movement. Gravity is always pulling down on the hairs, sending a constant series of impulses to the brain. When the position of the head changesas when the head bends forwardthe force on the hair cells changes its output of ne

7、rve impulses. The brain then interprets these changes to determine the heads new position.1. What can be inferred about the organs for hearing and balanceA Both organs evolved in humans at the same time.B Both organs send nerve impulses to the brain.C Both organs contain the same amount of fluid.D B

8、oth organs are located in me ears middle region.2. Hearing involves all of the following EXCEPT_.A motion of the vocal cords so that they vibrateB stimulation of hair cells in fluid-filled channelsC amplification of sound vibrationsD conversion of wave energy into nerve impulses3. It can be inferred

9、 from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the cochlea is a part of_.A the outer earB me eardrumC the middle earD the inner ear4. What can be inferred from Paragraph 4 about gravityA Gravity has an essential role in the sense of balance.B The ear converts gravity into sound waves in the air.C Gravity is a force

10、that originates in the human ear.D The organ for hearing is not subject to gravity.5. In this passage, the author mainly explains_.A the organs of the human earB the function of the hearingC the three regions of the earD how the ear organ performs the hearing and balanceThe geology of the Earths sur

11、face is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth. Evaporated from the oceans, water vap

12、or forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic

13、network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level. The rate at which a molec

14、ule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirsatmosphere, continent, and oceanwe see that the times are very differen

15、t. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents

16、. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of

17、 soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depen

18、d on different factors.6. According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water_.A precipitating onto the groundB changing from a solid to a liquid stateC evaporating from the oceansD being carried by wind7. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network is to_.A determin

19、e the size of molecules of waterB prevent soil erosion caused by floodingC move water from the Earths surface to the oceansD regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers8. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraphA T

20、he potential energy contained in water.B The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds.C The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents.D The relative size of the water storage areas.9. All of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT_.A magnesiumB ironC potassiumD calcium10

21、. The word efficiency in line 21 is closest in meaning to_.A relationshipB growthC influenceD effectivenessScientists have long understood that supermassive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hotels gravity pulls harder on the neares

22、t part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough. Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy th

23、e star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate stars life, as it veered towards a supermassive black hole. When the star gets close enough, the uneven forces fl

24、atten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves gen

25、erated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur. The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found that even when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. There will be an explosion of the star it will be com

26、pletely destroyed, Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the stars matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the stars matter out of the black holes reach, he says. The devouring of stars by black holes may a

27、lready have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought mat several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays. If stars disrupted near black holes really do expl

28、ode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Hatpern of Columbia University in New York, US2. It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough, he says. Brassart agrees. Perhaps it can be observed

29、in the X-rays and gamma rays, but its something that needs to be more studied, he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US3, says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have pro

30、ven their case that they explode in the process.11. Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too close to a black hole. Which of the following destructive statements is NOT mentioned in the passageA The black hole could tear apart the star.B The black hole could trigger a nuclear explo

31、sion in the star.C The black hole could dwindle its size considerably.D The black hole could devour the star.12. According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem of _.A whether nuclear reaction would occurB whether the stars would increase its density and tempera

32、tureC whether shock waves would occurD whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars13. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is NOT trueA No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.B The star would be destroyed completely.C Much of the stars matter thrown by the

33、 explosion would be beyond the black holes reach.D The black hole would completely devour the star.14. What will happen several months after the explosion of the starA The stars matter will move further away from by the black hole.B The black holes matter will heat up.C The torn stars matter will sw

34、irl into the black hole.D The black holes matter will release ultraviolet light and X-rays.15. According to the context, the word disruption in Paragraph 6 means_.A confusionB tearing apartC interruptionD flatteningOur culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is univers

35、al but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent

36、 packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that Gift means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins a

37、nd Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are making us lose friends, business and respect in

38、 the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters

39、, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by

40、those nativesusually the richerwho speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all America is the most powerful country of the fr

41、ee world, the distributor needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more sign

42、ificant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.16. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably_.A stand stillB jump asideC step forwardD

43、draw back17. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their_.A cultural self-centerednessB casual mannersC indifference towards foreign visitorsD arrogance towards other countries18. In countries other than their own most Americans_.A are isolated by the local peopleB are not well i

44、nformed due to the language barrierC tend to get along well with the nativesD need interpreters in hotels and restaurants19. According to the author, Americans cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will_.A affect their image in the new eraB cut themselves off from the outside worldC limit thei

45、r role in world affairsD weaken the position of the US dollar20. The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that_.A it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC it is necessary to use several languag

46、es in public placesD it is time to get acquainted with other culturesHistorians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in 18th-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firms remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Pl

47、umb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and childrens toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers What were their motives And what were the effects of the new demand for l

48、uxuries An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury go