2016年考研英语一真题及复习资料.docx

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1、2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案（完整版）Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultr

2、a-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that incite excessive thinness by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ult

3、ra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individua

4、l worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist

5、 physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in p

6、rison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In c

7、ontrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has

8、on body ideals, especially on young people. The charters main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical per

9、suasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in FranceA Physical beauty would be redefinedB New

10、runways would be constructedC Websites about dieting would thriveD The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase impinging on(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning toA heightening the value ofB indicating the state ofC losing faith inD doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion i

11、ndustryA The French measures have already failedB New standards are being set in DenmarkC Models are no longer under peer pressureD Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forA setting perfect physical conditionsB caring too much about models charac

12、terC showing little concern for health factorsD pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the textA A challenge to the Fashion Industrys Body IdealsB A Dilemma for the starving models in FranceC Just Another Round of struggle for beautyD The Great Thr

13、eats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate the countryside alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them p

14、roudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save the beauty of natural places for everyone forever. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experi

15、ence a refreshing air. Hills pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The

16、Conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing off-plan building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils op

17、pose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories an

18、d offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The id

19、ea that housing crisis equals concreted meadows is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high street

20、s. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural onesDevelopment should be planned, not let trip, After t

21、he Netherlands, Britain is Europes most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Irela

22、nd. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britains public sentiment about the countrysideA is not well reflected in politicsB is fully backed by the royal familyC didnt start fill the Shakespearean ageD has brought much benefit to the NH

23、S27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA largely overshadowedB properly protectedC effectively reinforcedD gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3A Labour is under attack for opposing developmentB The Conservatives may

24、abandon off-plan buildingC Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationD The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osborness preferenceA shows his disregard for the character of rural areaB stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisC highl

25、ights his firm stand against lobby pressureD reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation ofA the size of population in BritainB the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in todays

26、 BritainText 3There is one and only one social responsibility of business wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits. But even if you accept Friedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibilit

27、y(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholderss money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on C

28、SR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a signal that a companys products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a companys products as an indirect may to donate to

29、 the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse halo effect whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to se

30、parate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americans Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those wi

31、th the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fi

32、nes.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR. We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about2

33、0% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials. says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo e

34、ffect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR withAuncertaintyBskepticismCapprovalDtolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CS

35、R helps a company byAguarding it against malpracticesBprotecting it from consumersCwinning trust from consumers.Draising the quality of its products33. The expression more lenient(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning toAless controversialBmore lastingCmore effectiveDless severe34. When prosecutors ev

36、aluate a case, a companys CSR recordAcomes across as reliable evidenceBhas an impact on their decisionCincreases the chance of being penalizedDconstitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraphA The necessary amount of companies spending on

37、 it is unknownB Companies financial capacity for it has been overestimatedC Its negative effects on businesses are often overlookedDIt has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when t

38、hat day will be is a matter of debate. Sometime in the future, the papers publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, theres plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - is

39、nt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online - only competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be h

40、igh and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition w

41、ould make sense for them, he said, but if you discontinue it, youre going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.Sometimes thats worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. It was seen as blunder, he sa

42、id. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times I wouldnt pick a year to end print, he said I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and theyd feel like they we

43、re helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. So if youre overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping, Peretti said. Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue. In other words, if youre going to make a print product, m

44、ake it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription.Its a really hard thing to do and its a tremendous luxury that BuzzFee

45、d doesnt have a legacy business, Peretti remarked. But were going to have questions like that where we have things were doing that dont make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, its better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.36. The New York Times is consi

46、dering ending its print edition partly due toA the increasing online and salesB the pressure from its investorsC the complaints from its readersD the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times shouldA make strategic adjustmentsB end the print sedition

47、 for goodC seek new sources of leadershipD aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a legacy productA helps restore the glory of former timesB is meant for the most loyal customersC will have the cost of printing reducedD expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing worldA traditional luxuries can stay unaffectedB cautiousness facilitates problem-solvingC aggressiveness better meets chal