全国高等教育自学考试英语语法课本重点难点.docx

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1、现代英语语法教材的重点及难点归纳Chapter1TheStructureoftheEnglishSentence(第一章绪论)本章节在2001-2021年的考试中只考过一次列举至少5种构词法并举例说明一、难点、重点1.Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.(指出构成层次构造的语法单位.)2Morphemes词素(Terms:morpheme,morph,allomorph,freemorphemeandboundmorpheme)什么是词素(morpheme)clausesandinfiniteclauses(限定性分句及非限

2、定性分句,定义参见下面的简答题部分)FiniteClauses(1)名词性分句：Whathesaidwasincredible.(2)关系分句ThisisoneofthebestbooksIveeverread.(3)状语分句IfIwereinyourshoes,Iwouldntquit.Non-finiteclauses：(1)非限定性名词性分句：Shedidntknowwhattosay(2)非限定性关系分句：Themanstandingbythewindowisherbrother.(3)非限定性状语分句：Publishedtenyearsago，thisisstillthebestdi

3、ctionary二、重要概念1.morpheme2.DefinethecomplexsentenceThecomplexsentenceisasentencethatcontainsmorethanoneclausethatarejoinedtogetherbysubordinatingonetoanother困难句是用附属连词(如if,when,though等)连接的一个以上分句的句子.三、典型考题1.Thereare()morphemesin“gunfighter.A.twoB.threeC.fourD.one2.In“Hedownedhisbeerandpunchedmeonthenos

4、e.“downedbelongsto().(P13)A.backformationB.clippingC.conversionD.blending3.Suffixesbasicallychange().A.wordmeaningB.wordclassC.nothingD.wordformation4.Theprefix“uni-means().A.withoutB.selfC.falseD.OneKey:1.B2.C3.B4.DII.简答题1.IntermsofwhichthreefactorsarewordsclassifiedThethreefactorsare:theenvironmen

5、twherewordsoccur,theirinternalstructureandtheirmeaning.2.Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.ThefiniteclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicatesThenon-finiteclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms(限定分句是主语加限定动词作谓语的分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前

6、面或后面已有主语。)Chapter2SentenceTypes(第二章句子类型)一、难点、重点1.ThefourmajortypesofsentencesinEnglishandtheirdiscoursefunctions.2.Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestions.(说明在确定句中运用非确定词和在疑问句中运用确定句的状况。)另外，在附加疑问句中，HAVE一词也是常考的重点：Youhaveheardme,haventyou(

7、Auxiliaryhave)Maryhastoliveonherown,doesntsheTomhascoffeewithmilk,doesnthe(Inthesenseofpossess,own,etc.)Youhaveabighouse,dont/haventyou4Commands二、重要概念1.Alternativequestions:Thosequestionsthatsuggesttwo(ormore)alternativesandusuallyimplythatoneofthemcouldbetrue.2.How-exclamations:Exclamationsthatarel

8、edbytheadverbhow.Ithighlightstheadjective,adverb,orverbinexclamations.三、典型考题I.选择题1.Youhavetowaitamoment,_A.haventyouB.doyouC.dontyouD.shouldntyou2.Marywasntinthereading-room,wasshe_.A.Yes,shewasntB.No,shewasC.Yes,shewasD.ShewasntKey:1.c2.cII.简答题1.Whataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswit

9、hWhatistheirsharedsemanticfeature(转移否认常常及哪些动词同现它们有什么共同的语义特征)Theverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithare：think，believe，suppose，imagineandexpectTheyaretheverbsthatexpress“opinion(转移否认常常及think，believe，suppose，imagine和expect等动词连用。这些动词都是表示“意见的语义。)2.Whatarethetwomajortypesofexclamations(感慨句的两大类型是什么

10、)ThetwomajortypesofexclamationsareWHATexclamationsandHOW-exclamationsTheformerisfollowedbyanounphrase；thelatterisfollowedbyanadjectiveoradverb感慨句分为WHAT-感慨句和HOW-感慨句。前一种后接名词词组，后者接形容词或副词。III完成以下句子1.Youdratherwedidntgothere,_2.Idontthinkhewillcome,_3.Theymusthavelosttheirway,_4.Letstalkaboutitlater,_5.E

11、veryoneishere,_Key:tyou2.willhe3.mustnt/didntthey4.shallwethere/arenttheyChapter3NounandNounPhrase(1):NounandNumber(第三章名词和名词词组(1)：名词和名词的数)一、难点、重点1.Thefunctionsofnounphrases:Infunction,anounphrasecanplaysuchgrammaticalrolesassubject,object,complement,modifierandevenadverbial.名词词组的功能，可以作主语、宾语、补语、修饰语at

12、eatable，有些的甚至可以作状语(yesterday,lastweek)。2.Nounclasses名词可以以多种方法分类,如详细名词(table,water)及抽象名词(happiness,hatred),可数名词(table,girl)及不行数名词(water,money),有生物名词(boy,monkey)及无生物名词(table,water)等.但名词通常按以下方式分类:我们在可数名词和物质名词中还可以再划分详细名词和抽象名词:名词-|专出名词|一般名词-|可数名词-|详细名词(concretenouns)(commonn.)|抽象名词(abstractnouns|物质名词-|详细

13、名词(concretenouns)|抽象名词(abstractnouns)3.熟记教材P65单位名称表二、重要概念1.Propernoun(专出名称是特指人,地方或事物的名词)2.Massnoun:(没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词)3.Unitnoun:(单位名词亦称“部分词用于说明所修饰名词的量、大小和形态等)4.Foreignplurals：(外来词复数是指从外语中借来尚保持原来复数形式的复数名词，多是拉丁语、法语和希腊语等)三、典型考题I.选择题1._plasticsaremadeinthischemicalplant.A.ManykindofB.ManykindsofC.Manykind

14、sD.Manykind2.Jackhasjustmovedintoanewhouse.Didhehavetobuy_foritA.manynewfurnitureB.muchnewfurnituresC.muchnewfurnitureD.manynewfurnitures3.Michaeltook_astowhatheshoulddo.A.hisfriendsadviseB.hisfriendsadvisesC.hisfriendadviceD.hisfriendsadviceKey:1.B2.C3.DII.简答题1.Collectivenoun:(集体名词一般是可数名词,但就是单数,也指人

15、,动物或事物的群体)2.singularinvariables:(单数名词指的是某些国家名称，人名和表示学科、疾病和运开工程等形式上有以s结尾的名词，一般用作单数)3.pluralinvariables(复数名词指由两部分构成的工具或服饰；某些集体名词；山脉、瀑布、群岛等地理名词以及其他以-s结尾的名词，用作复数)III.其他题型Supplytheappropriateunitnounfromthelistbelow:companycollectiontroopherdbundledroppiecerayswarmcanschoolpackfleetcrew1.a_ofships2.a_ofl

16、ies3.a_offirewood4.a_ofwhales5.a_ofsailors6.a_ofbees7.a_oftourists8.a_ofcrudeoil9.a_ofcattle10.a_ofmusic11.a_ofmonkeys12.a_ofcoins13.a_ofblood14.a_ofsunshineKey:pany8.can9.herd10.piece11.troop12.collection13.drop14.rayChapter4NounandNounPhrase(2)：DeterminerandGenitive(第四章名词和名词词组(2)：限定词和属格)一、难点、重点1.T

17、heconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto:Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitivealmostalwaysreferstopersons，nevertoobjects，andthefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereference(typicallypremodifiedbytheindefinitearticle)andthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite(双重属格的第二个名词指人，不指物，第一个名词不确指，通常用不定冠词，第二个名词必需确指)genitive集体属格集体

18、属格是指把s加在后位修饰词组或并列名词词组后面的属格，如：someoneelsescar，anhourandahalfstest(一个半小时的测试)，aweekorsosbreak(一个星期左右的休息)。但集体属格不用于含有后位修饰分句(限定分句和非限定分句)的名词词组中：*theladylivingnextdoorshat*thechildrenkilledinthewarspictures3.Genitive:Generally,of-phraseisnotusedwithfirstnames,butwouldbeacceptablewithfullnames:*ThebikeofTomT

19、hecarofGeorgeBush4.DeterminersThepre-determinersorcentraldeterminersaremutuallyexclusive:*allhalftheemployees(twopre-determiners)*allthehisemployees(twocentraldeterminers)5.Thedifferencebetweenallandwholewhentheymodifyapropername:AllBeijingwasexcitedatthenewsofwinningthebid.ThewholeofBeijingwasexcit

20、edatthenews.*WholeBeijingwasexcitedatthenews.*ThewholeBeijingwasexcitedatthenews.*TheallBeijingwasexcitedatthenews.二、重要概念1.Determiners(什么是限定词)(限定词是指用于各词词组的前位修饰语的词，限定词放在修饰中心词的形容词前面)2.Genitives:Formsorconstructionusedtodenotepossession,measurementorsource.Example:Johnscar;amomentsdigression;theresista

21、nceofIraq三、典型考题1.Jackis_.a.afriendofadoctorsb.thefriendofadoctorsc.thefriendofthedoctorsd.afriendofthedoctors2.Thisis_.a.thepassportofJohnb.thepassportofJohnsc.thepassportofJohnSmithd.theJohnpassportKey:1.d3.cII.简答题1.Whataregenericreferenceandspecificreference(什么是类指和特指)Genericreferenceandspecificref

22、erencearethetwousesofarticlesGeneticreferenceindicatesthewholespeciesorkind，whilespecificreference，specificoneorthing.类指和特指是冠词的两个用法。类指指事物(或人)的整个种类，而物特指那么是某一详细的事物(或人)2.Underwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa(在什么状况下用属格不用of-词组，什么状况下用of-词组，不用属格)Whennounsrefertopeople，andth

23、erelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition，classification，etc，genitivesarepreferred，whennounsrefertoinanimate，lifelessobjects，andtheheadwordsofnounphrasesareclassifyingadjectives,ofphrasesarepreferred(当名词指人，或名词之间属于定义或归类关系时，用属格；而当名词指无生物，或中心词是the+形容词时，用of-词组)examples:mensclothes/theteachersbookthecolor

24、ofthecar/thestruggleoftheexploitedChapter5VerbandVerbPhrase(1)：Tense，AspectandFuture(第五章动词和动词词组(1)：时、体和将来时间)一、难点、重点1.Whydoesthisbookadoptthesystemoftwotensesandtwoaspects本书采纳两时两体体系,理由有三。第一，传统语法是以时间为参照划分英语时态的，而在处理像Thetrainleavesateighttomorrowmorning和Theywouldhaveheardthenewslastnight等句子时遇到费事，因为在语言中形

25、式及意义是不常等同或对应的。我们将英语的时分为两时如今时和过去时，是基于对英语形态的考虑。像汉语这样没有词汇屈折变更的语言根本就没有时。第二，时tense，和体aspect是两个彼此独立的语法范畴。前者基于词汇的屈折变更，而后者基于构造分析。由于时及体常常合用，所以导致时体不分，时指动作发生的时间而体标记动作发生的状态或方式。第三，从教学角度上看，新的时体体系简洁易学，还可以让学生懂得一种意义可以用不同的形式表示，一种形式也可表示不同的意义。2.Whyisthepasttenseoftenusedforpoliteness(过去时为什么常用来表示客气的语气)Becausethepasttens

26、ecanmakeaquestionorastatementorasuggestionlessdirectItismorepolitetousethepasttenseonthepartofthespeaker(因为过去时使疑问句、陈述句或建议不干脆提出，显得委婉，所以说话者觉得它比如今时更利于表达客气的语气。)3.Since-分句一般不用于否认句：Wehaventseeneachothersince1989.*ItstenyearssinceIdidntseehim*Heshadseveraljobssincehewasntastudent二、重要概念1Tense:Anyoneoftheinf

27、lectedformsintheconjugationofaverbthatindicatesthetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs.时态指示时间如过去、如今动词的各种曲折变更形式的任何一种2Aspect:aspectreflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime.(反映动词的动作在时间上被识别和经验的方式。)三、典型考题1.Fiveandfive_ten.a.makeb.madec.willmaked.ismake2.Theweather_

28、verycoldassoonasthenightfellinthatmountainousarea.a.wastobeb.wasgoingtobec.wasd.wasgettingKey:1.a2.bII.简答题1.Explaintherelationshipbetweentenseandtime(时态刚好间有何区分)(时间刚好态不是一回事；时间是一种概念而时态是一种语法手法。同一个时段(如如今)可以由多个不同的时态表示。)2.Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto(假如时刚好间有关，体又及什么有关)时及一个事务或状态的详细时间有关，而体那么“

29、指刚好间有关的动作发生的方式。III.其他题型Correctthefollowingsentences:1.Haveyouhadagoodtimelastweek2.Thechildrenranouttoplayaftertheyfinishtheirhomework.3.Itrainstomorrow.4.Hecantgoonholidaybecausehebrokehisleg.5.WhenFathercameback,wehavealreadygonetobed.Key:1.Didyouhaveagoodtimelastweek2.Thechildrenranouttoplayafter

30、they(had)finishedtheirhomework.3.Itwill/isgoingtoraintomorrow.4.Hecantgoonholidaybecausehehasbrokenhisleg.5.WhenFathercameback,wehadalreadygonetobed.Chapter6VerbandVerbPhrase(2):PassiveVoiceandSubjunctiveMood(第六章动词和动词词组(2)：被动态和虚拟式)一、难点、重点1.Get-passiveandbe-passive2.Thedifferencebetweenregularpassive

31、andthepseudo-passive:3.动词+介词这一构造通常叫做介词动词(prepositionalverb),然而“动词+介词构造在形式上易及“动词+介词词组相混淆：TheyfinallyarrivedatthestationtheconclusionThepolicecarefullywentintothetunnelthecase不行转换成：*Thestationwasfinallyarrivedat但可以说Theconclusionwasfinallyarrivedat不行转换成：*Thetunnelwascarefullygoneintobythepolice但可以说：The

32、casewascarefullygoneinto(bythepolice)二、重要概念1Voice:Apropertyofverbsorasetofverbinflectionsindicatingtherelationbetweenthesubjectandtheactionexpressedbytheverb.(态)是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式，英语动词有两种态：主动态和被动态。例如：PeoplealmostallovertheworldspeakEnglish.(主动态)；Englishisspokenalmostallovertheworld(被动态)。(see61)

33、2Mood:Asetofverbformsorinflectionsusedtoindicatethespeakersattitudetowardthefactualityorlikelihoodoftheactionorconditionexpressed.InEnglishtheindicativemoodisusedtomakefactualstatements,thesubjunctivemoodtoindicatedoubtorunlikelihood,andtheimperativemoodtoexpressacommand.语气用来强调说话人对表达的行为或条件的真实性或可能性所持

34、有看法的一系列动词形态或变更形式。在英语中陈述语气(式)用于描绘真实的陈述，虚拟语气(式)那么用于强调疑心或不行能，而祈使语气(式)那么用来表达一个吩咐(式)是表示语气的动词形式，英语动词有三种式：陈述式、祈使式和虚拟式。例如：WestudyEnglishhard(陈述式)；Letsplaychesstonight(祈使式)；Heorderedthata11theemployeesbethereat8sharptomorrow(虚拟式)。三、典型考题简答题1WhatarethevoiceconstraintsThevoiceconstraintsrefertogrammaticalconstr

35、aints,semanticconstraintsandstylisticconstraints.(语态限制有：语法，语意及文体限制)。2be-passive(be-型被动态)：Thepassivemadeupofauxiliarybe+v-ed由“助动词be的确定形式+及物动词的-ed分词构成的被动态叫be-型被动态，例如：ThebookwaswrittenbyHamilton.3.be-subjunctive(be-型虚拟式):Thebe-subjunctiveisformallymarkedbytheuseofthebaseoftheverb;thatis,theverbinvariab

36、lyoccursinthebaseformfreefromtheconcordconstraintswiththesubjectandfromthetenseagreementwithotherverbs.不管主语是什么人称,一律以动词原形表示的虚拟式,例如:Itisimportantthatthebosshandleitinperson.4.Whatarethethreemoodforms:Chapter7VerbandVerbPhrase(3):ModalAuxiliaries(第七章动词和动词词组(3)：情态助动词)一、难点、重点1.could可用来泛指过去的一般“实力，但通常不能用其表

37、示过去做某一特定事情的“实力(其否认形式couldntcouldnot除外)。要想表示过去做某一详细事情的“实力，可用beable(to)，manage，succeed等：*TheyworkedhardandcouldpassthetestTheyplayhardbutstillcouldntwinthegame*Heranfastandcouldcatchthefirstbus.Heranfastandmanagedtocatchthefirstbus2.表示推想意义的may很少用于疑问句，这时通常用can代替：CantherebelifeonMars(*MaytherebelifeonMa

38、rs)Wherecanhebefound(*Wheremayhebefound)3.haveto及havegottohaveto和havegotto的区分：ahaveto比较正式而havegotto属于口语体bhavegotto很少用过去时形式chavegotto没有非限定动词形式，所以不能说：*willhavegotto，*tohavegotto，*havinggotto而须说：willhaveto，tohaveto，havingtodhaveto往往表示客观上的必要性而havegotto却通常表示主观上的必要性，及must同义。4.darea.情态助动词dare意为“胆敢，语法作用及need相近，通常用于非确定语境：Dareyoujumpdownfromthetopofth