高等学校研究生英语综合教程下课后习题答案1.docx

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1、The Hidden Side of Happiness1、Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, white-water rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refra

2、in might go something like this: I wish it hadnt happened, but Im a better person for it.飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒攻击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发觉遭遇这样一次苦痛的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我盼望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完备了。”2、We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps be

3、cause they testify to a bona fide psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There is a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive reactions to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the

4、bravest. In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives have in some ways improved.我们都爱听人们经验苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证明了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在多数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋勉向上的实力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经验作出 主动回应的并不仅限于最坚毅或最英勇的人。事实上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从今在某些方面有了改善。3、This and oth

5、er promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesnt kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the o

6、nly possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people reboundor even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机变更一生的发觉有着可观的探讨前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的探讨领域。这一新兴领域已经证明了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经

7、验之后，也只有一小局部成年人会受到长期的心理熬煎。更常见的状况是，人们会复原过来甚至最终会胜利兴旺。4、Those who weather adversity well are living proof of one of the paradoxes of happiness: We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for blissa life protected from bad feeli

8、ngs, free from pain and confusion.那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关华蜜悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所须要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对华蜜的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有苦恼，没有苦痛和困惑。5、This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life. It is the dark matter of happiness, t

9、he ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us a

10、bout that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for the good life.这种对华蜜的平淡定义忽视了问题的主要方面种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完好的愉悦。那就是华蜜背后隐藏的那种本质是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不行言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭遇苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾意料到的打击，并重新思索他们生活的意义或许对那种深入的、给人以猛烈满意感的人生经验(哲学家们过去称之为对“美妙生活”的探寻)

11、最有发言权。6、This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. Happiness is only one among many values in human life, contends Laura King, a psychologist at th

12、e University of Missouri in Columbia. Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativitysometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree e

13、xistence is not enough. We also need to growand sometimes growing hurts.这种对美妙生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满意感和一种通过移情与别人建立的深切联络交融在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和懊悔。密苏里高校哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉 金认为:“华蜜仅仅是许很多多人生价值中的一种。”慈善、才智、无私、.洞察力及创立力有时只有经验逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受苦痛的变更过程。只过安静的、无忧无虑的生活是缺乏以体验一段完好的人生的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)我们也须要成长-尽管有

14、时成长是苦痛的。7、 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reaction that eventu

15、ally left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The slightest movementtrying to swallow, for examplewas excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西 塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停顿服用限制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反响最终使她全身猛烈难受

16、，神经系统出现严峻问题。最稍微的动作比方说试着吞咽对她来说也苦痛不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。8、Cyr is no wimpdiagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of 2, shed endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life. But this time, she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Eith

17、er the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, shed have to kill herself.塞尔并不是软弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍 受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的熬煎。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切好像都不起作用。要么让疾病完毕她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。9、As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings

18、 of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion. I felt stripped of everything Id ever identified myself with, she said six months later. Everything I thought

19、 Id known or believed in was uselesstime, money, self-image, perceptions. Recognizing that was so freeing.然而，在经验了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开场被新的感谢之情所打断。虽然她仍旧感到苦痛，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加猛烈:一种令人惊羡的解脱感，结合着一种包涵一切的怜悯和怜悯的情感。“我感到一切我曾经用来认同 自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个月后她这样说道，“一切我认为我知道或信任的事物时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。”10、With

20、in a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. she says theres no question that her life is better now. I felt I had been shown the secret of life and why were here: to be happy and to nurture other life. Its that simple.在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物

21、的鸡尾酒疗法，她开场可以更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她如今的生活状况有了好转。“我感觉我窥探到了生命的隐私以及我们生存的意义，那就是欢乐地生活，同时扶持别人。就这么简洁!”11、Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte

22、who coined the term post-traumatic growth. His studies of people who have endured extreme events like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath. They are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. A few are h

23、aunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. But Tedeschi and others have found that for many peopleperhaps even the majoritylife ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.她这种不行思议的经验完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳高校夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇 特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方

24、面看却是很典型的。里奇 特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长”一词。他对那些经验了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事务的人群进展了探讨，这些探讨说明，在刚经验不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。他们一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毁了。有少局部人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所熬煎。但特德斯基和其他学者发觉，对很多人(可能甚至是绝大多数人)来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满意。12、something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. In that

25、 moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. Our everyday life scriptsour habits, self-perceptions and assumptionsgo out the window, and were left with a raw experience of the wor

26、ld.很多经验过恐惧的人身威逼的人会遇到类似的状况。在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的平安感被冲破了，平常处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我爱护的精神盔甲被剥离了。我们的日常生活轨迹(我们的习惯、自我相识和主观意念)全部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原始体验。13、Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with the new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on th

27、is process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.the people who find value in adversity arent the toughest or the most rational. Instead, they tend to be ordinaryneither the best- nor the worst-adjusted. What makes them different i

28、s that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life. 尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全承受新的现实，通常须要有意识地付出努力。是否情愿并有实力担当这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区分之一。认为灾难有价值的人并不是最坚毅或最理性的人。使他们别出心裁的是他们可以将所遭遇的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。”14、Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined. Sur

29、vivors often say they become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramountand that the crisis allowed them to reorganize life in line with the

30、 new priorities.最终，他们可能会发觉自己以从未想到过的方式获得理解脱。生还者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能宽恕别人，可以缓和本来糟糕的关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而挚友和家庭带来的欢乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们可以依据这些新的优先之事来重新相识生活。15 、People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things theyve been through. They are surprised by their own strengt

31、h, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. People dont say that what they went through was wonderful, says Tedeschi. They werent meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经验

32、过恐惧的事情，但他们的恐惊感往往大为削减。他们对自己的力气感到惊讶，信任不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。特德斯基说:“人们不会说他们所经验的是美妙的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经验来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回忆起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所意料的。16、In his recent book Satisfaction,Emory University Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time

33、. They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without

34、 stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what theyre doing.埃默里高校精神病学家格列高利 伯思斯在他的近作满意中指出，极限耐力运发动每次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经验创伤的生还者所经验的感觉过程一样:自我失落，困惑，最终获得一种新的驾驭感。对于常常跑超过24小时的l00英里竞赛的超级马拉松运发动来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。在一昼夜不停留不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。17、For a more common example of

35、growth through adversity, look to one of lifes biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasures in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be

36、depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like satisfaction, altruism and the chance to leave a meaning

37、ful legacy.更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一:为人父母。生育孩子始终被认为会降低华蜜程度。为了照看婴儿而睡眠缺乏并且必需将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。然而，长远看来，哺育孩子是全部人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。短时间内牺牲了华蜜，却有了更多的收获，比方满意感、无私以及有时机留下一笔意义深远的遗产。18、Ultimately, that emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspect

38、ive does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that its possible to live an extraordinarily rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. Youre not going to be the person

39、 you thought you were, but heres who you are going to be insteadand that turns out to be a pretty great life.总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的苦痛和困难。这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来对待，.那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍旧可以生存得极有价值。金指出，我们全部的人都必需以这样或那样的形式经验这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你而事实会证明生活从今将特别美妙。”Unit 21、Throughout

40、history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have been never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clear

41、ly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves. Fun and good games are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares,

42、rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights 在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当做某种形式的公众消遣。然而，体育从未像今日这样作为一种商业产品被如此浩大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育的决策以及与体育相关的社会关系也同样从未如此明显地受到商业因素的影响。对很多人

43、来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，体育不再只是为了运发动们自身的爱好而存在。今日，乐趣和“好竞赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体转播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么，当体育变得商业化时，它会怎样当体育变得依靠于门票收入和媒体传播权的出售时，它会发生变更吗2、We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of mo

44、tives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting even is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainly of an events outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics b

45、y the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a good game or an exciting contest, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the actio

46、n, or one in which there were a number of excellent or heroic performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性消遣活动时，它的胜利就依靠于观众的爱好。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对体育竞赛的爱好通常与三种相结合的因素有关：竞赛结果的不群定性，参与一项竞赛相关的风险或经济回报，以

47、及预期中的运发动的卓越、英勇表现。换句话说，当观众提及一场“不错的竞赛”或一场“剧烈人心的竞赛”时，这场竞赛，通常在竞赛即将完毕的最终几分钟甚至几秒钟，结果仍旧扑朔迷离；或者竞赛涉及高额奖金，因此运发动们都全身心地投入竞赛；或者竞赛展示了很多精彩的或者“英雄式”的表现。只要运动竞赛包含全部这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并探讨这场竞赛。3、Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators,

48、what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but th

49、e basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.商业化对于大多数体育运动的构造和目的没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对其产生影响，但在历史上，运动工程保持了它们的根本构造。创新也是在这一个框架内进展的，并不会完全废除这项运动的根本设计。例如，奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变更，但其每项运动的根本构造还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前根本一样。4、Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make