江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总.docx

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1、江苏高考英语语法专题复习学问点汇总一、冠词The Article学问要点：冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，扶植说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词The Indefinite Article和定冠词The definite Article两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类泛指。这是不定冠词a (an)的根本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please p

2、ass me an apple.2、指某人或某物，但不详细说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。3、表示数量，有“一的意思，但数的概念没有one剧烈。如：I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good t

3、ime, for a while, for a long time等。5、用在抽象名词前，表详细的介绍a + 抽象名词，起详细化的作用。如：This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件开心的事情。It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参与这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法：1、特指某些人或某些事物。这是定冠词the的根本用法。如：Beijing is the capital of

4、 China.The pen on the desk is mine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：Where is the teacherOpen the window, please.3、指上文提过的人或事物第二次出现。如：There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.The baby was thin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。副词最高级前的定冠词可省略如

5、：He is always the first to come to school.Bob is the tallest in his class.6、用在某些专出名词前由一般名词构成的专用名词。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Childrens Palace, the Party等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,

6、 the next year, by the way等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the Peoples Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今日要接待客人。11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：the poor, the wounded, the living,

7、 the dead, the rich, the sick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).三、零冠词即不用冠词：1、专用名词和不行数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：Go down this street.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：We are stu

8、dents.I like reading stories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers Day, Childrens Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。Today is New Years Day.It is Sunday.March 8 is Womens Day.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：Whats the matter, GrannyWe elected him monitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at

9、most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：She goes to school after breakfast every morning.We are going to play football.We usually have lunch at school.8、科目前不加。如：We learn Chines

10、e, maths, English and some other subjects. 二、名词Nouns学问要点：一、名词的种类：1、专出名词：1China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack不加冠词2the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States等。由一般名词构成的专出名词，要加定冠词。2、一般名词：1不行数名词留意：不行数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：假设加a(an)那么使之详细化了。如：have a wonderful time.

11、不行数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 不行数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows| | | 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪 有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的详细的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难 在表数量时，常用“of词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.2可数名词：可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A birdcaufly. The frog i

12、s a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.有复数形式：a规那么变更加“s或“es及初中同，略b不规那么变更child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),phenomenon(phenomena)留意：c单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese,

13、fish同一种鱼。如， a sheep, two sheep d只用复数形式：thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, e形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics塑料，means. f形单实复：people (人民，人们，the police, cattle等 g集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作 为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如： My family is a big one. My family are music love

14、rs. h复合名词变复数时，a只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如： sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。 b如没有主体名词那么在最终一个词的后面加“s。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人 cwoman, man作定语时，要及被修饰的名词的数一样。如：a man servantmen servants, a woman doctorwomen doctors二、名词的全部格：1、表有生命的东西人或动物的名词全部格，一般在名词后加“s。如：Mikes bag, Childre

15、ns Day, my brothers room, womens rights留意：1名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的全部格只在词后加“s。如：Teachers Day, the workers rest-home工人疗养院，the students reading-room 2复合名词的全部格，在后面的词后加“s。如：her son-in-laws photo她女婿的照片；anybody elses book其他任何人的书 3假如一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，那么在最终的一个名词后面加“s； 假如不是共有，那么每个词后都要加“s。如：Jane and Helens room. 珍妮和海伦的

16、房间共有. Bills and Toms radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机不共有 4表地点店铺，某人的家等的名词全部格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如： the tailors (裁缝铺) the doctors (诊所) Mr Browns (布朗先生的家) 5有些表时间、间隔 、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“s表全部格。 如：half an hours walk (半小时的路程) Chinas agriculture (中国的农业)2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般及of构成词组，表示全部格。如：the cover of the book3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特

17、殊是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：the story of Dr Norman BethuneDo you know the name of the boy standing at the gate4、“of词组+全部格的用法：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等时，常用“of词组+全部格的形式来表示全部关系。如：a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位挚友。some inventions of Edisons 爱迪生的一些创建those exercise-book

18、s of the students 学生们的那些练习本。三、主谓一样Agreement学问要点：在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应及主语的人称和数保持一样。如何断定，那么要看句子的意思。多数状况下，依据句子的主语形式就能断定，但有的那么要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种状况作一下说明。1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1The book is on the table.2He is reading English.3To work hard is necessary.It is necessary to work hard.

19、4How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like to play toys.3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一样。如以here,there开头，be 动词及后面第一个名词一样。如：1There is a dog near the door.2There were no schools in this area before liberation.3Here comes the bus.4On the wall were two famous paintings.5Here is Mr Brown and his

20、children.4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。假如主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍及短语前的主语的形式保持一样。如：1Jane, Mary and I are good friends.2He and my father work in the same factory.3His sister, no less than you, is wrong

21、.4The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.6Every picture except these two has been sold.7Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.8Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9Nobody but Mary and I

22、was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语假如指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：1The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。2Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。3The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。两个人6、and连接的并列

23、单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.全部的孩子都被邀请参与这次聚会。2No teacher and no student is absent today.今日没有老师和学生缺席。3Many a student is busy with their lessons.许很多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1Each

24、takes a cup of tea.2Either is correct.3Neither of them likes this picture.8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1Is everyone here2Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应及句中先行词的数一样。如：1Those who want to go please sign their names here.2Anyone who is agains

25、t this opinion may speak out.3He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示时间、间隔 、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体对待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：1Three years is not a long time.2Ten dollars is what he needs.3Five hundred miles is a long distance.11、复数形式的专出名词作为整体对待如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等，动词用单数形式。如：1The United

26、States is in North America.2The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。3“The Arabian Nights天方夜谭is an interesting book.12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience听众，观众，government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词那么用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：1My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进展一次长途旅行。2My family a

27、re fond of music. 我家人都喜爱音乐。3The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。4The class were jumping for joy. 全班同学都快乐得跳了起来。13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要依据实际状况而定。如：1All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。2All of the apples are rotten. 全部的苹果都烂了。3Most of the wood wa

28、s used to make furniture (家具)。14、the + 形容词或分词作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词那么用单数形式。如：1The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活泼的。2The wounded are being taken good care of here now. 如今伤病员们在这里受到了很好照看。15、or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词及后一个主语一样。如：1Either you or

29、I am going to the movies.2Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不行数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1Water is a kind of matter.2The news at six oclock is true.17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：1The police are searching for him.2The cattle are grassing (吃草)。18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语

30、动词用复数。如：1The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2One third of the population here are workers.19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“的数字，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示很多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。1The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.2A number of stude

31、nts have gone for an outing.20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。四、虚 拟 语 气虚拟语气分三种状况来驾驭：1、虚拟条件句。2、名词性虚拟语气。3、虚拟语气的其他用语。一、虚拟条件句：条件状语从句是非真实状况，在这种状况下要用虚拟语气。1、条件从句及如今事实不一样，其句型为：If 主语过去时，主语shouldcould, would, 或might动词原形，如：If I were you, I would study hard.If it rained, I would not be here n

32、ow.2、条件从句及过去事实不一样，句型为：If 主语had过去分词，主语shouldcould, would, 或mighthave过去分词，如：If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.3、条件从句及将来事实不一样，句型为：do，主语shouldcould 原形 do 过去时及如今事实条件句一样。If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay

33、 at home.If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.留意问题：1、If条件句中确定不行出现“would。2、依据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟的状况，即主句可能是如今的状况，条件句或许是发生在过去的状况，但都是遵守上述句型。3、在条件句中假如出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语及这些词倒装，例如：Had the doctor come last night,

34、 the boy would have saved.Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.二、名词性虚拟语气：在表示吩咐、建议 要求、惊羡时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，根本句型：主语should动词原形，如：Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 oclock.宾语从句We suggested that the meeting should not be held.I

35、t was required that the crops should be harvested at once.主语从句The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.同位语从句That is their demand that their wages be increased.表语从句留意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would“must“could等。三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的运用或含蓄条件句：1、wish后的宾语从句：及如今愿望不一样 主语过去时；及过去愿望不一样 主语had过去分词；及将来愿望不一样 主语wouldcould原形。I wis

36、h I were you.I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.2、Its time句型：当Its time后用that从句时应当为：主语should原形 或 主语过去时，例如：Its time that you went to school. 或Its time that you should go to school.3、If only引起的感慨句相当于“How I wish宾语从句If only he could come!

37、他要能来就好了。If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。4、would rather, as ifthough引导的句子也需运用虚拟，表示过去的状况用过去完成时，表示如今及将来的状况用过去时，如：Id rather you posted the letter right away.Id rather you had returned the book yesterday.She loves the children as if they were hers.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.

38、5、without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。Without you, I would never know him.But for your cooperation, we wouldnt have done the work so well.But that she was afraid, she would have said no.I would be most glad to help you, but I am busy now.I would have come to the party yesterday, but I w

39、as working.I am busy now, otherwise I would do you the favor!五、倒装句 英语的根本句型是主语 + 谓语。假如将主语及谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。一、 全倒装: 主语及谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种 状况:1、当here, there, out, in, up, down等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装:There goes the bell! 铃响了！There lived an old man.Here comes the bus.留意: 在这种状况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词,

40、 像go, come, mush等。主语假如是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。2、方位状语在句首, 如:In front of the house stopped a police car.Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.Under the tree sat a boy.3 、干脆引语在句首, 这种状况可倒装也可不倒装What does it mean asked the boy或the boy asked.二、半倒装: 主语及谓语的助动词交换位置称半倒装, 有以下数种状况:1、 否认

41、意义的词在句首, 句子半倒装, 例如: little, never, not, no, hardly, rarely, seldomNever shall I forget you.At no time was the man aware of what was happening.Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.2、 几对并列连词如not onlybut also, hardly when等连接两个并列句, 连词 在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装: Not only was everything he had

42、taker away from him, but also his German citizenship was taken away. No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.留意: not onlybut also连接两个并列主语时不需倒装, 如: Not only you but also I like playing chess.neithernor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装, Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.3、only在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装

43、:Only then did I realize that I was wrong.Only in this way can I learn from my fault.Only when the war was over in 1918, was he able to get back to work.留意: only强调主语不倒装:Only the teachers can use the room.4、sothat句型, so在句首时, 主句倒装, that从句不倒装:So easy is it that a clild can learn it.So hard did he work

44、that he finally won the fame.I saw the film, so did he.1、倒装句Inversion英语的根本语序是“主语+谓语。假如将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装。一、倒装的类型类型例 句说 明 完 全 倒 装Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.学生们涌出去欢迎外国挚友。整个谓语移至主语之前。 部 分 倒 装Seldom does he go to school late.他上学很少迟到。只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。二、倒装构造的根本用法1、由于语法构造的须要而运用的倒装情 况例 句说 明疑问句中Have you got a dictionary你有一本字典吗？Where did he go last Monday上星期一他去什么地方了？Are you listening to the radio你在听播送吗？Who told you the news谁告知你那个消息的？Which boy broke this glass哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主