英语四级考试必备基础语法知识3.docx

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1、英语四级考试必备根底语法学问动词时态1)如今完成进展时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开场,接着到如今,可能接着下去,也可能刚刚完毕.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进展时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前始终在进展的动作Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by th

2、e time she came.3)将来完成进展时: 将来某个时刻以前始终在进展的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target

3、by the end of October.动词语态可以有两种被动构造的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“信任”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship

4、is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 及不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应当晓得速度限制)双宾语及宾补构造的被动语态双宾语构造的被动语态: 双宾语构造变为被动语态时,可以把主动构造中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍旧保存在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questi

5、ons at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.宾补构造的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短语动词Vi + advThe plane took off two hours

6、 late.Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep (有被动语态)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brough

7、t up by their mother.They took him on.Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,假设谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一样a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特殊是动词be)省略掉.Look out for cars when crossing the street.When

8、taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This

9、 viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should b

10、e reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If poss

11、ible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.They worked with as much enthusiasm as young

12、 people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall b

13、eside her.一样假设主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词照旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in

14、the team.代词作主语时的一样each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数对待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody readySomebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told yousome, few, both, many 等作复数some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数对待时较多,但也有时作单数对待,

15、主要看说话人脑中联络想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不行数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不行数名词 (all of the, most of the

16、 ), 动词用单数.由and 或 both and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一样Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to

17、 persuade my daughter to change her mind.假设一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一样。There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The poli

18、ce are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数对待, 有时作复数对待, 主要依据意思来确定.His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可依据意思确定谓语动词的数:This new series i

19、s beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 假设作整体对待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.书名,

20、国家名用单数:Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on

21、 the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”构造中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般状况下有两形式，一是依据先行词采纳复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词依据one 而定，即采纳单数形式：He is the only one of

22、 those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词依据one 而定，即采纳单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.非谓语动词不定式形式主动形式 被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to h

23、ave done to have been done进展式 to be doing完成进展式 to have been doing完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常及主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假设不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式。I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比拟: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new

24、 book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.进展式: 假设主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进展, 这时要用不定式的进展式。You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.完成进展式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前始终进展的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进展式.Th

25、e struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are

26、 a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declaree. We hav

27、e come to learn from you.不带to 的不定式:在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”构造中, 假设动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式构造不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类构造转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般复原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.在 had better, had best, would rather, woul

28、d sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中,

29、用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.Ive heard tell of him.在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box在介词except, but 之后, 假设其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm

30、.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出如今句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to inves

31、t in new machinery rather than to increase wages.用作补语的动词不定式, 假设主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式构造”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do

32、 now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.主谓一样【专项训练】1、Nothing but cars in the shop.A.is sold B.are sold C.were sold D.are going to sell2、No one except Jack and Tom the answer.A.know B.knows C.is knowing D.are known3、Seventy percent of the students in o

33、ur school from the countryside.A.is B.are C es D.are coming4、 of the money used up.A.Three-five, are B.Three-fifths, have beenC.Three-fifths, has been D.Third-fifths, is5、The number of the people who cars increasing.A.owns, are B.owns, is C.own, is D.own, are6、One of Marxs works written in English i

34、n the 1860s.A.was B.were C.would be D.are7、The sheets for your bed washing.A.needs B.are needing C.want D.are wanting8、On each side of the street a lot of trees.A.stands B.grow C.is standing D.are grown9、Some person calling for you at the gate.A.are B.is C.is being D.will be10、All that can be eaten

35、up.A.are being B.has been C.had been D.have been参考答案：1、A 因有连词but，所以谓语形式跟Nothing一样，用第三人称单数。2、B 同上3、B4、C5、C 定语从句看被修饰的先行词：the number of作主语用单数形式。 6、A7、C8、B 倒装句，要看后面的主语。9、B some person指“某人”是第三人称单数。见讲解13。10、B 主语“all”指的是“food”，所以代不行数名词，是第三人称单数。全部倒装和部分倒装: 假设谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语

36、都放在主语的前面:Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldnt answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accom

37、plish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等开场的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说状况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(确定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说状况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否认句), 助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didnt drop any hint. Nor (Neither) d

38、id his secretary.“I wont do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”假设一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否认词或有否认意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longer are they staying with us.

39、No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副词提早, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.1

40、.假设主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:Here is Chinas largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.假设主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”3.表语和系动词提早:介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the sout

41、hern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容词: Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.副词: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library

42、, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.4 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起部分倒装:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was

43、missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起部分倒装:Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn

44、t done a very good repair job either.强调句英语中表示强调的8种方式1.用形容词very，single等表示强调eg.You are the very person Im looking for.你就是我要找的那个人。Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.红军就在此地打过一仗。Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.今日下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。2.用反身代词表示强调e.g.I myself will see her off at

45、the station.我将亲自到车站为她送行。You can do it well yourself.你自己能做好这件事情。3.用助词do/does/did+动词原形表示强调e.g.The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold.那孩子的安康状况尚好，但就是间或患感冒。Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache.务必宁静，我告知过你，我头疼。4.用.and that，.and those，等构造表示强调e.g.They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days.他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday.前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。5.用双重否认构造表示强调e.g.There is no reason why thi