国际公法学习笔记Chapter XII (2019.12).docx
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1、国际争端1. Introduction11.1 Dispute 争或带11.2 Legal dispute 法律争端2Obligation to settle dispute by peacefulmeans国家有义务和平解决国际争端22. Political methods 政治方法32.1 Negotiation 谈芈U32.2 Good offices & Mediation斡旋和调停(书P443) 32.3 Inquiry调查32.4 Conciliation 和解4Arbitration仲裁4Permanent Court of Arbitration (常设仲裁法院,PCA)4Ot
2、her ad hoc arbitration tribunals (临时仲裁庭) 53. Judicial settlement 司法解决53.1 Organization of the Court国际法院的组成63.2 Jurisdiction of the Court 法院6Contentious Jurisdiction诉讼管辖权6i. voluntary jurisdiction (自愿管辖) 7agreement jurisdiction (协议管辖) 7ii. optional compulsory jurisdiction (任择性强制管辖权,Art. 36.2)7Advisor
3、y Jurisdiction咨询管辖7Non-binding force83.3 Procedure 程序83.4 Judgment81. Introduction1.1 Dispute 争端A disagreement over a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between the parties. (Mavrommatis Palestine Concession, PCU, 1924)当事人在法律或事实上的分歧,法 律观点或利益上的冲突。(巴勒斯坦租界,PCIJ, 1924)什么是争端:
4、争端是关于法律观点or事实的分歧,对法律的解释存在冲突等。争端的判断标准:根据当事方相关文件,分析当事方是否存在明显对立的主张Whether a dispute exists is a matter for objective determination by the Court which must turn on an examination of the facts exchanges made in multilateral settings. In so doing, it pays special attention to the author of the statement o
5、r document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content. The conduct of the parties may also be relevant, especially when there have been no diplomatic exchanges. In particular, the Court has previously held that the existence of a dispute may be inferred from the failure of a State to res
6、pond to a claim in circumstances where a response is called for. Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, ICJ, 2016 (马 沙尔群岛vs英联邦)马沙尔群岛经历过核试验【是否存在争端是一个由法院作出客观裁决 的问题,法院必须审查在多边环境中交换的事实。在这方面,它特别注意声明或文件的作 者、其预定或实际收件人及其内容。各方的行为也可能是相关的,特别是在没有外交交往 的情况下。特别是,法院以前认为,争端的存在可以从一个国家在需要作出答复的情况下未能对一项要求作出答复的情况中推断出来。马绍尔群岛诉
7、英国,国际法院,2016年】1.2 Legal dispute 法律争端? Legal dispute v. Political dispute法律争端(法律为基础)VS政治争端(利益性),很难具体界定Legal dispute (Art. 36.2, Statue of ICJ)法律争端:1、条约解释的争端2、国际法上的问题3、违反国际法义务的事实4、破坏国际义务应当赔偿的性质和范围a. the interpretation of a treaty;b. any question of international law;the existence of any fact which, if
8、 established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;c. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.ao对条约的解释;b。任何国际法问题;c。存在任何事实,如该事实成立,即构成违反国际义务;d。对违反国际义务的赔偿的性质或范围。】2. Obligation to settle dispute by peaceful means国家有义务和平解决国际争端All
9、 members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered. (Art. 2.3, UN Charter)联合国宪 章第二条第三款【所有会员国应以不危及国际和平、安全与正义的方式,以和平方式解决 其国际争端。(联合国宪章第2.3条)】 限制战争禁止战争集体安全保障制度States shall accordingly seek early and j
10、ust settlement of their international disputes by negotiation (谈判),inquiry (调查),mediation (调停),conciliation (和解),arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means of their choice.(Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly R
11、elations and Cooperation among States, 1970)国家应当相应地寻求早期和公正解决国际争端的谈判,调查, 调停,和解,仲裁,司法解决,采取区域机构或安排或其他和平手段的选择。(关于国家间友 好关系与合作的国际法原则宣言,1970年)】 国家可自由选择解决方式解决方法也可以是交织进行的。(例:能谈判的谈判,谈不拢的国际法院)Political Methods政治方法,也叫外交方法,直接/在第三方协助下进行,结果没有法律拘束 力,自觉遵守Legal methods仲裁/司法解决,结果对当事国有法律拘束力3. Political methods 政治方法nego
12、tiation (谈判)、good offices (斡旋)、mediation (调停)、Inquiry (调 查)、 conciliation (和解)3.1 Negotiation 谈判和平解决争端最传统的方式,能否达成结果取决于当事方的自愿选择,需要双方互信友好, 否则很难达成一致。有的条约规定谈判失败才能诉诸于第三方Bilateral and multilateral negotiation to resolve differences between two or more states may be carried out by diplomatic correspondence
13、, face to face encounters.【为解决两个或两个 以上国 家之间的分歧而进行的双边和多边谈判可以通过外交信函、面对面的接触进行。】如果当事方有义务进行谈判,则有义务使谈判有意义(不能坚持自己的观点,不做任何妥协, 否则就是非善意谈判)”If the parties are under an obligation to enter into negotiations with a view to arriving at an agreement, and not merely to go through a formal process of negotiation as
14、a sort of prior condition. they are under an obligation so to conduct themselves that the negotiations are meaningful, which will not be the case when either of them insists upon its own position without contemplating any modification of it. (North Sea Continental Shelf case, ICJ, 1969) 【“(如果)当事人有义务
15、进入谈判,以到达一个协议,而不是仅仅通过一个正式的谈判过程 的先决条件他们是义务进行谈判是有意义的,这将不会当他们中的任何一个坚持自己的 立场而没有考虑任何修改。(北海大陆架案,国际法院,1969年)】3.2 Good offices & Mediation 斡旋和调停(书P443)involvement of a third party, whether an individual or individuals, a state or group of states or an international organization, to encourage the contending p
16、arties to come to a settlement.【第三方,无论个人或个人,国家或国家集团或国际组织的参与,以鼓励竞争各方达成解 决方案。】good offices are involved where a third party attempts to influence the opposing sides to enter into negotiationsa. mediation implies the more active participation in the negotiating process of the third party itself ao斡旋是指第
17、三方试图影响对立双方进行谈判;bo调解意味着第三方本身更积 极地参与谈判过程】3.3 Inquiry调查当事方对事实问题存在争端,不针对法律问题,组成调查委员会对事实进行调查Where differences of opinion on factual matters underlie a dispute between parties, the logical solution is often to institute a commission of inquiry to be conducted by reputable observers to ascertain precisely
18、the facts in contention.【如果当事各方对事实事项的意见分歧是争端的 基础,合乎逻辑的解决办法往往是成立一个调查委员会,由有名望的观察员进行调查,以准确查明有争议的事实。】3.4 Conciliation 和解involves a third-party investigation of the basis of the dispute and the submission of a report embodying suggestions for a settlement, (inquiry &mediation)【包括对争端的基础进行第三方调查,并提交一份包含解决建议
19、的报告。(询问中介)】conciliation reports: no binding force【调解报告:没有约束力 11928 General Act on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (revised in 1949) 1928年 和平解决国际争端通则(1949年修订)】法律方法和政治方法并非彼此排除,没有谁先谁后的规定,当事国的选择优先4. Arbitration 仲裁Jay Treaty, 1794Alabama Claims arbitration, 1872通过国家自己选择的法官,在尊重法律的基础上解决国家之
20、间分歧的方式特点:自主性、灵活性:自主选择是否仲裁,选择仲裁员临时性:解决完当事人争端之后,仲裁庭就解散了,非常设司法机构具有法律拘束力的解决方法:同意进行仲裁就意味着接受仲裁结果Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1899Arbitration involves the settlement of disputes between states by arbitrators of their own choice on the basis of respect for law. (Art. 15) 1899-和平解
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