国际公法学习笔记Chapter VIII (1-7) (2019.11).docx
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1、Chapter VIII Law of Treaties条约法1. Source条约法最主要的渊源1Concept of a treaty (Art. 2)条约 的概念(第2条)1a. subjects主体2in written form oral agreement?书面形式和口头协议?2b. governed by international law受国际法约束2establishing rights and duties确定具体权利和义务2c. name of a treaty?条约的名称2Bolivia v. Chile case, ICJ, 2018.玻利维亚vs智利3Conclus
2、ion of treaties条约的缔结51.1 Negotiation51.2 Adoption of the text (议定约文) 51.3 Authentication of the text (认证约文)条约最后的文本,不得变更61.4 Consent to be bounded by treaty 同意受条约约束6Signature(签署)61.4.1 Ratification G比准)6Accession(力口入) 72. Reservation to treaties(条约的保留) 82.1 Meaning 含义82.2 Cases where reservations are
3、 prohibited (禁止保留的情形) 92.3 Acceptance of and objection to reservations接受/反对保留意见92.4 Legal effect of reservations and objections保留和反对的法律效力9Registration and Publication条约的登t己或公布103. Legislation in China中国的法律适用103.1 Treaty-making power 制定条约的权力10Constitution 宪法103.2 Treaties and important agreements条约和重
4、要协定11Entry into force of treaties条约的生效113.3 Provision of the treaty or agreement of the negotiating states谈判国条约或协定的规定111. Source条约法最主要的渊源a. customary International Law习惯国际法(明确性,确定性,但十分分散)b. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 (entered into force in 1980)维也纳条约法公约(调整国与国之间条约的签订,)(国与国际组织之间也可以
5、签订条约,但并非1969年调整 对象)c. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, 1986【1986年国家与国际组织或国际组织间条约法维 也纳公约】(调整国与国际组织或国际组织之间的条约签订)除非未达成一致,否则当事方的自由决定优先,若未达成一致,参考条约法的部分事项。国家同意:1、明示一一条约2、默示一一习惯2. Concept of a treaty (Art. 2)条约的概
6、念(第2条) 他缔约国除之外不修改条约的条款】c. between reserving state and states objecting reservation but not opposing the entry into force of the treaty provisions to which the reservation relates do not apply as between the two States to the extent of the reservation【提出保留的国家与反对保留但不反对与保留有关的条约条款 生效的国家之间的关系不适用于两国之间的保留】
7、5. Registration and Publication条约的登记或公布避免秘密条约5.1 League of Nations国联时期必须送达秘书处,不登记不公布则不发生效力。但是否发生效力取决于当事国的同意,所以形同虚 设5.2 UN Charter (Art. 102)不登记不公布的话不得向联合国的机关援引条约(数据库UNTC)中国第一个向联合国登记的条约是中英联合公报Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the pre
8、sent Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it.【本宪章生效后,联合国任何会员国所缔结之一切条约及国际 协定,均应尽速向秘书处登记,并由秘书处予以公布。】a. No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1
9、 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nations.【未经依照本条第一款的规定登记的任何此类条约或 国际协定的缔约国不得在联合国任何机关援引该条约或协定。】6. Legislation in China中国的法律适用Treaty-making power制定条约的权力Constitution 宪法The Standing Committee of the National People s Congress (全国人大常委会)to decide on the ra
10、tification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states; The President, in pursuance of the decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People s Congress, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives (全权代表)abroad, and ratifies or abrogates treaties
11、and important agreements concluded with foreign states.The State Council (国务院)to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states, and to approve those that do not fall the scope of treaties and important agreements ,【全国人民代表大会常务委员会(全国人大常委会)的决定批准和废除同外国缔 结的条约和重要协定;决策的总统
12、,根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会,任命或回忆驻外全权 代表(全权代表)在国外,批准和废除同外国缔结的条约和重要协定。国务院(国务院)开展外 交事务,同外国缔结条约和协定,批准那些并没有下跌的条约和重要协定的范围。】6.1 Treaties and important agreements条约和重要t办定Law on the Procedure of the Conclusion of Treaties (1990)1990年缔结条约程序法The treaties and important agreements are as follows:a. treaties of friendship
13、and cooperation, treaties of peace and similar treaties of a political nature;treaties and agreements relating to territory and delimitation of boundary lines;b. treaties and agreements relating to judicial assistance and extradition;treaties and agreements which contain stipulations inconsistent wi
14、th the laws of the Peoples Republic of China;c. treaties and agreements which are subject to ratification as agreed by the contracting parties; andother treaties and agreements subject to ratification.【条约和重要协定如下:(一)友好合作条约、和平条约和类似的政治性条约;(二)有关领土 和定界的条约、协定;(三)有关司法协助和引渡的条约、协定;(四)同中华人民共和国法律 有抵触规定的条约、协定;e
15、.缔约双方约定须经批准的条约和协定;和其他须经批准的条 约和协定O】7. Entry into force of treaties条约的生效Provision of the treaty or agreement of the negotiating states谈判国条 约或协定的规定a. Bilateral treaty: e.g., signature, ratification, exchange-Multilateral treaty: e.g., a certain date; consent to be bound by all the negotiatingstates; si
16、gnature, ratification or accession by a fixed number of states*-【a.双边条约:例如,签字、批准、交换b.多边条约:例如,某一日期;同意接受所有谈判的约束州;由一定数目的国家签署、批准或 加入】条约生效一一条约开始对国家进行约束,国家应履行条约义务 有的条约规定某一具体日期、多少个国家批准同意、等等7.2 Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as consent to be bound by the treaty h
17、as been established for all the negotiating States.【如果没有任何这种规定或协定,则一旦为所有谈判国建立了接受该条约约束的同意,该条 约即开始生效。】VCLT维也纳条约法公约1968-1969年进行谈判1969年5月22日认证公文5月23 口开放签字规定需要批准加入才能生效凑够35个议定书1980年1.27才生效An international agreement concluded between states (1969年条约法公约调整的对象)in written form也可以采取口头协议,承认口头协议的法律效力,但一般用书面方式(东格陵
18、兰岛 法律土也位案)and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation (名称).【国家间以 书面形式缔结并受国际法管辖的国际协定,不论以单一文书或两项或两项以上有关文书或 不论其具体名称为何。】a. subjects 主体最主要的是国家。分1969和1986年。个人与国家签订的本质上不算国际条约,本质上算国 际协定(英伊协定案),不会产生国际
19、法上的权利和义务,不能以条约法的要求来规定。between States (1969)between international organizations (1986) between a state and a foreign private party?b.in written form oral agreement?书面形式和口头协议?条约形式是当事方共同意志的表现,不拘于形式International agreements between states and other subjects of international law or between two or more sub
20、jects of international law, or oral agreements, do not lose their validity by being excluded from the framework of the Convention. (Art. 3)国家间和其他国际法主体之间或两 个或两个以上国际法主体之间的国际协定或口头协定不因被排除在公约框架之外而失去其 效力。】际法约束b. governed by international law受必须符合国际法,若条约违反国际强行法(?如种族灭绝等),则条约无效c. establishing rights and duti
21、es确定具体权利和义务否则可能是政治性文件(如英美大西洋宪章),不具有法律约束力,违反了也不会受到法律制 裁要依据具体用语和内容? non-binding political documentsd. name of a treaty?条约的名称一份文件的名字不影响,主要看是否是在国际法的规范下进行具体的权利义务划分、规定charter, covenant and statute 宪章、规约、盟约convention公约(国际组织主持下,国际会议通过,在某一领域的多边条约)Treaty agreementprotocol议定书(一般是第二份文件,对第一份进行修订或补充)declarationjo
22、int communique, statement 联合公报、宣言等,不一定构成国际条约exchange of notes换文,国家间的照会交换,占条约的大部分memorandum of understanding谅解备忘录,需谨慎,不一定构成条约Bolivia v. Chile case, ICJ5 2018.玻利维亚vs智利Facts:领土归属问题At the time of its independence (in 1818), Bolivia had a coastline of over 400 km along the Pacific Ocean.On 5 April 1879,
23、Chile declared war on Peru and Bolivia, and Chile occupied Bolivias coastal territory.The Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 20 October 1904 officially ended the war. Under the terms of its Article , the territory occupied by Chile was recognized as belonging absolutely and in perpetuity7 to Chile.【玻
24、利维亚独立时(1818年),沿太平洋有400多公里的海岸线。1879年4月5日,智利对秘 鲁和玻利维亚宣战,智利占领了玻利维亚的沿海领土。1904年10月20日的和平友好条约正 式结束了战争。根据其第2条的规定,智利所占领的领土被承认“绝对和永久”属于智 利。1Bolivias claim mainly rests on the alleged existence of one or more bilateral agreements that would impose on Chile an obligation to negotiate Bolivias sovereign access
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