工程管理专业英语教程.doc

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1、工程管理专业英语（二）ProfessionalEnglish For Engineering Management（）教 程COURSE长沙理工大学工程管理系2012年11月目 录Lesson 1 Bidding1Text A Invitation to Bid1Text B Instructions to bidders6Lesson 2 Management and Engineering Management10Text A Management10Text B Engineering Management：a synthesis14Lesson 3 Conditions 13 for

2、the FIDIC Contract16Text A General Provisions16Text B The Employer27Text C The Engineer29Lesson 4 Planning Techniques33Lesson 5 Alternative Financing Strategies for BOT Project36Lesson 6 Types of Construction Cost Estimates39Lesson 7 Risk Management Basics42Lesson 1 BiddingText A Invitation to BidTh

3、e invitation to bid is sometimes known by such names “notice to bidders”, “Advertisement for bids,”“request for proposals”, and the like, but the intent is always the same:to briefly describe the project to propective bidders and to invite their bids on the work. Since the invitation to bid is often

4、 classed as one of the construction contract documents, is it always essential to include one in the set? The answer is a resounding “No!”.An invitation should be extended to prospective bidders only when such bids are wanted, and there are many times when open bidding is not the order of the day. F

5、or instance, if you have already selected your general contractor and this is to be a “negotiated” contract, it would be foolish to issue an invitation to other bidders to make proposals. The invitation serves no purpose other than to attract prospective bidders by telling them briefly what the job

6、is and how they go about securing copies of the documents to bid upon. If you already have enough bidders, and you have secured them by other means such as personal contact or previous notice, there is little meaning to the ritual of a formal gilt-edged invitation to your party if you dont really wa

7、nt more guests. On the other hand, any time your project is on the money from the public coffers you can almost depend on having a legal requirement that the work be advertised in a newspaper of general circulation under carefully prescribed format. You are almost never allowed to limit the number o

8、f bidders on public work. Therefore, in public you can rely on the necessity of including a formal invitation to bid as part of your construction contract documents. The requirement arose, of course, out of the old-time back-room dealings among political cronies where lucrative contracts were awarde

9、d in great secrecy for fantastic levels of profit, which melted into various private bank accounts. The method used to cure this abuse was to highly publicize the availability of all publicly funded construction projects and to invite participation by all qualified parties. Whether this was truly cu

10、red the abuses is not known for certain but it is an obvious fact that duplicity has become more difficult under it. When your purpose is to receive the broadest possible number of competitive bids for the general contract, you should take the time to compose a brief but attractive, invitation to as

11、sure youll have enough guests to justify the ocassion.Remember now that we are talking in terms of the general contract under a classic situation as described earlier. We will have enough work sorting out the proposals we receive from those general contractors without complicating it by delving into

12、 the forty or so trades which make up even the smallest project. It is the general contractors resposibility to dig up his subs- from wherever he can and he will issue his own form of invitation to bid to them probably by various means. In many of the average smaller projects, a list of selected bid

13、ders is composed during completion of working drawings. By the time the documents are ready for issue to bidders, it is offen known who will be bidding and who will not be asked. If the list is small, say three or four bidders, nothing is really gained by the formality of issuing an official notice.

14、 On the other hand, when the number of prospective bidders exceeds three or four, it is well to set down quite precisely all of the pertinent data regarding bid: opening dates, amount of deposit required for sets of ducuments, where they may be secured, who may attend the bid opening, and other rele

15、vant information.Now there are a few rare methodical individuals who prefer to have a dot over every “i” and across on every “t” and who might prefer to issue an invitation to bid on every project. Could they get into trouble by it? I rather doubt they would. Any person so methodical would more than

16、 likely also be cautious and would be sure that what was said in the invitation to bid was accurate and precise. It is nicely to formalize the invitation data and, if you can afford to take the time to do so on every project, you go right ahead and have fun. Remember, though, that if your sole bidde

17、r is already selected and you definitely do not wish to receive bids from others, you may have a delicate time wending your way through the verbiage required to explain that situation properly.The formula for writing an invitation to bid is simple and clear-cut: be brief and include answers to the f

18、ollowing condition.Project Indentification Clearly identify the project by its official-name (used through the construction contract documents: list, where possible, the name of the owner, the name of the Architect, the location of the project, its official project number (if it has one) and the lik

19、e.Description of the work In fifty to a hundred words, tell what the project includes (bidders would like you to tell them what the construction budget is as well but most of us are reluctant to do so), so a prospective bidder can easily decide whether this is a project of his type or not.Types of b

20、ids required For the classic situation, you are only intersted in bids on a general contract and not in segregated bids. But whatever your wish, make it clear at this point.Bid opening Briefly tell where and when bids will be received, where and when they will be opened, and who may attend the openi

21、ng. Some architects make a regular party out of the bid opening and serve anything from tea and cakes to beer and cocktails at their bid openings (always after the bids are opened), apparently on the theory that the lucky low man will want to celebrate and the unlucky others need something in which

22、to drown their sorrow or make the losing easier to bear. Other architects make this a cold sober no-nonsense affair and quite a few even insist on privacy at the time of opening. Whatever your choice, state it here.Documents It is important to clearly state where the documents may be viewed and when

23、 as well as under what conditions sets of the documents may be secured. Some architects give a stated number of sets to each qualified bidder; others require a deposit to be left for each set in an amount generally equal to the cost of reproduction; still others require that the bidder post a non-re

24、fundable deposit for each set (or only a portion of the deposited amount will be refunded). Since these practice is vary from firm to firm, it is essential that you spell out how you will handle them.Bid deposit requirement It is not unusual for a bidder who was considerably lower than his competito

25、rs to worry about why he was so much lower and try to withdraw his bid. Bid deposits are designed to compensate the Owner and Architect for lost time and effort in having to repeat the bidding process or to commence negotiations with the second lowest bidder. The deposit is usually in the form of a

26、“bond” posted by the bidder but supplied through the bidders regular bonding surely, often as no fee to the bidder. You should state whether or not a bid bond will be required and if it is required, the amount and the type of bond acceptable.Pre-qualification Many projects (even publicly financed) a

27、re not open to the bids of everyone who would like to be a contractor; pre-qualifications are often set. For example,specialized construction such as tunnels, docks or bridges might easily require that the bidder be qualified by previous experience acceptable to the Owner before he will even allowed

28、 to bid. One of the newer pre-qualification requirements has to do with “Equal Employment Opportunity” programs and the bidder must demonstrate a functioning EEO program as a part of his regular operation before he is allowed to bid. If any pre-qualification are part of your program, you should so s

29、tate here.Bid rejection Traditionally, owners and architects have wanted to reserve the right to waive irregularity in bids and to reject any or all bids. In other words, despite all the safeguards of carefully picking over the available bidders before issuing them an invitation, and all the detaile

30、d instructions that are then issued to the accepted bidders, there is still a chance that some good guys will flub this bid being late or not sending enough copies or some squally trivial infraction of your rules and thus be disqualified unless you can save him. There is also the chance that the low

31、 man may have suddenly become undesirable during the bidding period and you dont want him any more. This minor provision has been hallowed by years of use and will probably be with us for a great many more. There is enough experience with it to warrant continued inclusion.Legal requirement Governmen

32、tal agencies that have been in existence for any period of time always have their own format for the invitation to bid(or whatever they happen to call it), and generally the laws governing care and use of public money prescribe certain magic words and incantations to include. If yours is a publicly

33、financed project, the invitation may be written for you by your clients legal staff. If it is left up to you, good sense dictates that you pass the rough draft by your own legal counsel and that of your client before it is published.If your invitation to bid is really being distributed broadlly to a

34、 large number of prospective biddders, you might very well send it in the form of a letter. You might also publish it as a paid ad in the local newspaper in the area of construction. Remember that the invitation is precisely that kind of “invitation” which can be accepted or declined.If your list of

35、 prospective bidders is also small that it contains only those who will actively work at the bidding process, you can do as most architects do and merely include the invitation as one of the documents bound into the Project Mannual.There is nothing to prevent an invitation to bid being actually on t

36、he design firms letterhead in the form of a letter. This can quite easily be bound into the Project Mannual later as one of the exibits in the series of contract documents.Text B Instructions to biddersYou will find most of the following points in instructions to bidders written by professional spec

37、ifiers. You will often find other points as well, depending on local practices and previous expreience.Project Identification It may seem redundant to repeat in the instructions to bidders the same information you so carefully put into the invitation to bid. But it is a common practice, and an expec

38、ted inclusion: to state the official name of the project, its project number if it has one, the name of the Owner and the Architect, and all other data which might be necessary to conclusively prove which project it is that you are talking about.Contract documents The care and feeding of Contract Do

39、cuments to bidders is a full time job in some larger offices. Imagine the logistics of printing and handling perhaps a hundred sets where the Drawings comprise a hundred and fifity to two hundred sheets and the Specifications contain sixty or more Sections. Imagine the cost to someone. Who is going

40、to absorb the cost? The owner？The architect? The bidder？Who pays for mailing? And, if they are sent by mail, will it be Parcel Post or air mail? What if the sets are returned after bid opening but also marked up and dog-earned that they cant be used for construction? Who absorbs that cost? And what

41、will you do if a biddder asks for copies of the electrical section only?It is not difficult for even a small office to tie up a thousand dollars or more in copies of material for the use of bidders, material the bulk of which may or may not be of any use to them the Contract is awarded.So you can un

42、derstand the care with which expericed office approach this problem of how many sets will be issued per bidder, whether a deposit will be returned, whether “split sets” will be issued, and a variety of similar matters.Examination of site and document It is inconceivable but there are cases on record

43、 where the contractor said “If Id seen the site before I bid, I never would have put in the price I did. ”There are also cases on record where a contractor claimed that he didnt really have a chance to study their plans because you were in such a hurry for a figure. The purpose of this portion of th

44、e instructions to bidder is to put the bidder on notice that he should examine the site and study all of the Documents since no allowance will be made later for problems which could have been avoided had he done so.Clarifications Recognizing the errors and ambiguities can creep into the work of any

45、design office, no matter how hard you try, you should establish the mechanics by which clarifications can be requested and obtained. In fairness to all bidders, errors caught by one bidder should be corrected for the benefit of all. In the same way clarifications issued to a single bidder over the t

46、elephone should be distributed to his competitors as well. Since these matters are best handled in the form of “Addenda”, and since Addenda should only be issued by the person issuing the original Contrator Documents, it follows that questions should be directed to that party who will then either an

47、swer the question himself or secure the answer from the person most farmiliar with the subject, and will promptly follow up with a formal Addedum to all bidders on record. You should therefore state how you will receive queries, by telephone or in writing, to whom they should be addressed, how answe

48、rs will be issued, and that you and the owner are not responsible for accuracy of clarifications issued in any other manner. The final date on which requests for clarification will be received should also be stated.Substitutions Many specifications written today include an entire section on “submitt

49、als and substitutions.” Even though you include such a section in your Specification, you should also use this earlier opportunity to call the bidders attention to it and to establish a final date for acceptance of requests for substitution.Types of bids You should clearly state here the type of bid you want (“general contract”, “segregated”, “cost-plus”, etc.)and the fact that you will not consider bids of other types. If you are requesting s