英语构词法详细讲解.doc

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1、构 词 法一、转化法（兼类词）：指在不同的语境中，名词动用，动词名用等。如：1.Ccok was the first to map (v.)the east coast.(库克是第一个画西部海岸地图的人)2.The house can house (v.)many people.(这房子可以住下好多人)二、合成词：英语中的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词、合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等，如：合成形容词：well-known, warm-hearted, easy-going合成名词：raincoat, earthquake, waterfall，blackboard, classroom

2、, motherland合成动词：underline, overcome，合成副词：maybe, wherever, however, therefore合成代词：himself, everyone, nobody三、派生法(词缀法或缀合法)，这种词是最为活跃的一种，大约三分之二的英语单词是用这种方法构成的。因此，掌握一些常用派生词的构词规律对于我们正确拼写单词和在阅读中猜词能力的培养就显得尤为重要。在英语的派生词中，词根决定词的根本意义，前缀改变词义，后缀引起词类的的改变（个别后缀还会改变词义）1.名词后缀 -er：writer, teacher, manager, worker, empl

3、oyer, interviewer -ee: employee, interviewee -or：actor, sailor, editor, beggar, operator -ian：librarian, American, physician -ist：scientist, physicist, artist, cyclist, typist, biologist, geologist -ese：Chinese, Japanese (-er, -ee,-or, -ian, -ist, -ese: 表示“从事某种职业或来自-的人” ) -ism：Marxism, socialism, na

4、tionalism, communism (-ism表示-主义) -ess：actress, waitress, hostess (-ess表示性别) -ness：happiness, illness, coldness, carelessness, sickness -ment：movement, agreement, achievement, appointment, adjustment -ship：friendship, hardship(困苦、苦难、艰难困苦) -ion：education, decision, communication, impression, descripti

5、on, collection -ity：reality, purity, responsibility, possibility -ance(ence)：performance, independence, science , violence, reference, appearance -ure：failure, departure(分离，分开) -al：arrival，survival, signal -hood：childhood, boyhood, neighborhood, livelihood -th: truth, depth,（-ism, -ess, -ness, -ment

6、, -ship, -ion, -ity, -ance(ence), -ure, -al, -hood, -th: 表示“行为的过程、状态或性质”）2.形容词后缀 -less: hopeless, endless, careless, helpless, (表“否定”)-ful: useful, careful, hopeful, grateful, powerful -ous：dangerous, humorous, cautious, infectious -able：enjoyable, comfortable, considerable, admirable, unforgettable

7、 -y：snowy, dirty, greedy, rainy, sunny, guilty -ent(-ant)：different, independent, confident, violent, efficient, distant -tic: optimistic, pessimistic, enthusiastic, characteristic -ary: necessary, revolutionary, imaginary-(c)al: historical, unusual, professional, magical, physical, universal, class

8、ical, logical, informal-some：handsome，troublesome-en：woolen, golden, -an：African, American-ive：active, attractive, creative （-ful, -ous, -able, -y, -ent, -some, -en, -an, -ive :表示“属性、倾向、相像”）3.副词后缀-ly：really, nearly, differently, finally, fluently, gradually-wise: (表示“方向、样子、状态、在-方面”)likewise, otherwi

9、se-ward(s): upward, downward, inward, outward, backward, forward, afterwards4.动词后缀-ize(-ise): organize, apologize, specialize -en：harden, fasten（使固定、使牢固）, soften -fy: beautify, simplify, classify -ate: separate, operate(-ize(-ise), -en, -fy, -ate: 表示“使成为、处理、作用”)5.反义词前缀un-: unfair, unknown, unlike, u

10、nwilling, unfit, unnecessary, unlikely, unkind dis-: dislike, disappear, disadvantage im-: impossible, immoral, impatient, impractical, improperin-: incorrect, inappropriate, informalnon-: nonsmoker, nonsense,non -drinker(un-, dis-, im-, in-, non-: 表示“无、不、非”)mis-: mistake, mislead, misunderstandmal-

11、:malfunction(发生故障；不起作用)(mis-, mal: 表示“反动作”)6.其他表示空间、位置、方向、关系、程度的前缀(1) a- , up-, over-, sur-, super- : 表示“在-之上” aboard, uphill, overlook, surface, supermarket, superstar (2)extra-, ex-, out- :表示“在-之外” ：extraordinary, export, outside, outdoors (3)under-, sub-, vice- :表示“在-之下”：underground, subway, vice

12、-president(4)inter-: 表示“两者间”：internet, international, interpersonal (5)co-, con-, col-, com-: 表示“相同、相等合作”coexist(共存，和平共处), connect, collect, combine(6)trans-:表示“移动” translate, transform, transmit(传输信号等)，transfer(转让、转移)(7)anti-反，抗，阻： anti-black, antibody, anti-depressant(抗抑郁的)(8)re-再，又：rebuild, rewri

13、te, retell(9)micro-microbiology, microcomputer, microscope, microwave(微波)(10)tele-:远距离的，远的：telephone, television, telescope, teleprinter(电传打印机) 四、缩略词缩略：为了称说方便，使事物称谓中的成分进行有规律的节缩或者省略叫做缩略。缩略词：有的缩略形式形成了紧密结构，凝固成为一个能自由运用的语言单位，叫做缩略词。英语缩略词方法：1、拿掉所有元音：MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: message STD: standard RCV:

14、receive 2、保留前几个字母：INFO: information INS: insurance EXCH: exchange I owe you: IOU Instead of: I/O 3、保留开头和结尾个发音字母：WK: week RM: room PL: people 4、根据发音：R: are THO: though THRU: through 较长单词的处理办法：-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm -tion 简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化) stdn -cian 简 简写为 o 例如：technician techo -ing 简

15、写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg RCV: Receive REF: Reference REGL: Regular REP: Representative RESN: Reservation RPT: Repeat RESPON: Responsible SEC: Section SITN: Situation STD: Standard TEL: Telephone TEMP: Temporary TGM: Telegraph THO: Though TKS: Thanks TRD: Trade TRF: Traffic TTL: Total U: You UR:

16、 Your WK: Week WL: Will WT: Weight XL: Extra large 表示否定，消除等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc. 常用英文缩略词e.g.=for example no.=number i.e.=that is etc.=et cetera 1st=first 2nd=second =therefore =because =replace less than &=and W/=with Building=bldg very expensive=v exp education=edu air-conditioner=a/c 1. Ad

17、 (advertisement) 广告 2. Lab (laboratory) 实验室 3. Gym (gymnasium) 健身室，体育馆 4. Disco (discotheque)迪斯科 5. Exam (examination) 考试 6. Math (mathematics) 数学 7. Pop (popular music) 流行乐 8. Fan (fanatic) 粉丝，狂热者 9. Memo (memorandum) 备忘录 10. Pub (public house) 酒吧 11. Hippo (hippopotamus) 河马 12. Vet (veterinarysurg

18、eon/veteran) 兽医/老兵 13. Doc (doctor) .医生 14. Gas (gasoline) 汽油 15. Fax (facsimile) 传真 16. Phone (telephone) .电话 17. Burger (hamburger) 汉堡包 18. Coon (raccoon) 浣熊 19. Gator (alligator) 短吻鳄 20. Fridge (refrigerator) 冰箱 1. 表示各种组织或机构的缩略词APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经贸合作组织 IOC (International

19、Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克，石油输出国组织 WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织 2. 表示各种系统的缩略词BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子布告栏系统或(Bulletin Board Service)电子布告服务 GPS (Global Position System

20、) 全球定位系统 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 全球移动通信系统 CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System) 计算机集成制造系统 DOS (Disc Operating System) 磁盘操作系统 ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系统 NMD (National Missile Defense) 国家导弹防御系统 TMDE (Test, Measure and Diagnostic Equipment) 试验、测量与诊断设备

21、 NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 纳斯达克，全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会 3. 有关职务或学位的缩略词CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席执行官 CFO (Chief Finance Officer) 首席财务官 CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官 COO (Chief Operating Officer) 首席运行官 CTO (Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官 CPA (Certifi

22、ed Public Accountant) 注册会计师 MBA (Master of Business Administration) 工商管理硕士 MPA (Master of Public Administration) 公共管理硕士 4. 有关金融方面的缩略词ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自动取款(出纳)机 CBD (Central Business District) 中央商务区 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值 GNP (Gross National Product) 国民生产总值 5. 有关考试方面的缩略词CET

23、 (College English Test) 大学英语等级考试 GRE (Graduate Record Examination) 美国研究生入学考试 PETS (Public English Test System) 全国英语等级考试 6. 其他方面的缩略词AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) 获得性免疫功能丧失综合症，即艾滋病 AM (Amplitude Modulation) 调幅 APC (aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine; compound aspirin; heat-relieving and pa

24、in-killing medicine consisting of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine) 复方阿斯匹林 API (Air Pollution Index) 空气污染指数 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 码分多址，一种无线电发射和接受方式 CD (Compact Disc) 激光唱盘 CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)预编目录 DIY (Do It Yourself)指自己动手装电脑，缝制衣服，做贺卡等 DVD (Digital Video Disc) 数字化视频光盘 EMS (

25、Express Mail Service) 邮政特快专递 EQ (Emotional Quotient) 情商 IQ (Intelligence Quotient) 智商 IT (Information Technology) 信息技术 OA (Office Automation) 办公自动化 OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) 原始设备制造商 PC (Personal Computer)个人计算机 PT (Particular Transfer) 特别转让 SOHO (Small Office Home Office) 小型家居办公室 SOS (Sav

26、e Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号，也用于一般的求救或求助 ST (Special Treatment) 特别处理 VIP (Very Important Person) 重要人物 VOD (Video on Demand) 视频点播 WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网 网络聊天常用英语缩略词ASAP As soon a

27、s possible尽快 BF Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW By the way 随便说一下 BBL Be back later 稍后回来 BRB Be right back 很快回来 CU See you 再见 CUL See you later 下次再会 DIIK Damned if I known 我真的不知道 DS Dunce smiley 笨伯 FE For example 举例 FTF Face to face 面对面 FYI For your information 供参考 GF girlfriend 女朋友 IAE In any event无论如何 IC I see 我

28、明白 ILY I love you 我爱你 IMHO In my humble opinion 依愚人之见 IMO In my opinion 依我所见 IOW In other words 换句话说 LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑 NRN No reply necessary 不必回信 OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道 PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件 RSVP Reply if you please 请答复 TIA Thanks in advance 十分感谢 TTUL Talk to you later 以后再讲 TY Thank you 谢谢 VG very good 很好