英语修辞手法总结(双语).doc

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1、英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about

2、some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate w

3、ith one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) A

4、nalogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings

5、 to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) U

6、nderstatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matt

7、er.7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for

8、that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also t

9、o do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball t

10、ook off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the sam

11、e sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For exampl

12、e, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more wo

13、rds in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by

14、saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or un

15、complimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the fe

16、elings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fa

17、ct or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed. 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) te

18、rms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth

19、pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression

20、of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or in

21、tensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and

22、understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belon

23、g. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also c

24、alled front rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement Exp

25、lanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices) 顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance。Onomatopoe

26、ia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如：Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. 高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；assonance 是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声(汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格)相似，后者与汉语的叠韵（两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同）非常相似。例如：（1）Peter

27、Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。（2）With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. (assonance) 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。（二）词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices) 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主 要包括 simile, metaphor, allusio

28、n, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。A. simile，metaphor；allusion Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语 simile 的比喻词一般是 like, as（as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是好象、仿佛等。例如：They are like streetcars running contented

29、ly on their rails. 这些人犹如街上的有轨电车， 满足于在自己的轨道上运行。Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如：（1）Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。（隐喻）（2）She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。（借喻）（3） Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. 瞧着吧， 不管什么女人钓他， 他就会上钩。（拟物）比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界，有许

30、多共同的经历和感受。比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻，就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处，比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾，用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬，常见喻体相同的还有Footnote（脚注）、 Harelip（兔唇）等。当然，比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印，某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云， 如英文 as wise as a man of Gotham（ 象戈丹人一样明智） 就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄，相传那里的人是最愚蠢的，所以这个比喻的意思是蠢笨无比。类似的例子还有：as thick as thieves亲密无间 （不是像贼一样厚）as old as the hills古老 （不是像

31、山一样老）The ship plows the sea. 船在乘风破浪地前进。（不是船在犁海）Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如：（1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。）（2）The project is an economic alba

32、tross from the start. 这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross 是英国诗人柯勒律治的古舟子咏中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后， 全船陷入灾难中。) B. metonymy; transferred epithet Metonymy、synecdoche和_1antonomasia都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代（分为旁借和对代两类）。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。再如：（1）The baby was brought up on the

33、bottle. 这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy用奶瓶代奶）（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。（antonomasia用米尔顿代诗人）Transferred epithet是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。例如：The doctors face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. （用疑惑修饰限定钦佩）医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。C. person

34、ification; hyperbole personification与汉语拟人完全相同，就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。例如：Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。Hyperbole与汉语的夸张完全相同，都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如：His words made my blood freeze. 听了他的话， 我的血都快凝固了。D. irony; euphemism；pun Irony 的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括verbal irony, dramatic iron

35、y, situational irony。后两种已超出一般修辞格的范畴，这里不作详细介绍。Verbal irony 与汉语反语的特点完全相同，也是正话反说，反话正说，一般需借助于特定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下，irony可以译成汉语的反语。例如：She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black. 她一开口就是某某勋爵某某大人，那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事

36、， 她没有一回不穿孝。Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如：用sanitation engineer替代garbage man(清洁工) 用the disadvantaged替代the poor(穷人) 用industrial action替代strike(罢工) Pun与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。英语pun 和汉语的双关语都可以分为两类：谐音双关（ho

37、mophonic puns）和语义双关（homographic puns）。前者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然pun 和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但是由于两种语言的语音不同，多义词也很难找到完全对应的词语。例如：What does that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still. 那个律师死后干什么？躺着仍说鬼话。(注：lie躺， 撒谎；still安静地， 仍然) E. oxymoron; zeugma ; contrast Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法）与汉语中的反映辞格类似，都是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系

38、在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见，但在汉语中很少见。如：sweet sorrow 忧喜参半 (不是甜蜜的悲伤)； proud humility 不卑不亢 (不是骄傲的谦卑) Zeugma（轭式搭配法）是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练， 饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。例如：She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门， 也打开了自己的心扉。Contrast和汉语的对照在修

39、辞格上是完全相同的，就是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起，在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性，例如：United we stand, divided we fall. 合则存，分则亡。（三）句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices) 句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostrophe 等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。例如：(1)I have written in bed an

40、d written out of it, written day and night. 我卧床写， 起床写； 白天写， 晚上也写。（repetition）(2)The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? 人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵，又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上， 何尝不是如此？(rhetorical question) (3)Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人， 成事在天。(antithesis) (4)Up

41、 went the balloon into the cloudless sky. 气球腾空而起， 飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe)Explanation version 21.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2.I wandered lonely as

42、 c cloud.3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接

43、说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1.The kettle boils. 水开了.2.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全

44、体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如: 1.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.例如:1.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿

45、落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2.Taste the music of Mozart. 品尝Mozart的音乐.6.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如:1.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.7.Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.例如:1.I beg a thousand pardons.2.Love y

46、ou. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 3.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Parallelism 排比, 平行这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:1.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no

47、one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.2.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer f

48、or them separately.9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.2.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.10.Allegory 讽喻,比方这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为换个方式的说法.它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.例如:1.Make the hay while the sun shines.2.Its time to turn plough into sword.11.Irony 反语 反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如:1.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing wha