非谓语动词用法详解(共17页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上非谓语动词用法动词的非谓语形式有三种:不定式、动名词和分词(一)不定式 不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“ not to do”不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格”构成 1不定式的用法: l)作主语不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用 it作形式主语例如: To see is to believe It is right to give up smoking 2)作宾语不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补
2、足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用 it作形式宾语例如: He wanted to go I find it interesting to study work with him. 3)作宾语补足语例如: He asked me to do the work with him. 注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have, let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带 to但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带 to例如 I often hear him sing the song He is
3、often heard to sing the song 注意:不定式动词在介词 but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带 to,否则要带 to如: She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go 4)作定语例如: I have some books for you to read 注作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面
4、须有相应的介词例如:He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with 但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time,place或 way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去例如: He had no money and no place to live. 注当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同试比较: A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西
5、要寄吗? (不定式 to send的动作执行者是 you) B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? (不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或someone else) 5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件例如: I came here to see you(目的) We were very excited to hear the news(原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there(结果) To look at him, you would like h
6、im(条件)目的状语还可以用 in order to或 so as to来表示如: In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard We ran all the way so as not to be late不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语例如: I am very glad to hear it The question is difficult to answer “ too十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语例如: He is too old to do that 另外句子中有 enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语例如: The room
7、 is big enough to hold us 6)作表语例如: My job is to help the patient 7)作独立成分例如: To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. 8)不定式与疑问词 who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等例如: He didnt know what to say.(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important(主语) My question is when to start. (表语) 注
8、意:在与 why连用时,只用于 why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to. 例如: Why not have a rest? 9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以下几点: A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式. Have you got a key to unlock the door? (A key unlocks the door) B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式 I have go
9、t a letter to write( I write letter) He needs a room to live in( He lives in a room) I know what to do( I do what) 但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式: I know what is to be done. 这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象 C)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了 for one或 for people例如:
10、He is hard to talk to( to talk to him) The book is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.) 但如果强调句中的受事者时,亦可用不定式被动式,例如: The handwriting is very difficult to be read. The box is too heavy to be lifted D)在 “there十be” 的结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式,如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式 There is a lot o
11、f work to do. ( Somebody has to do the work) There is a lot of work to be done ( The work has to be done.) 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的: There is nothing to do. 意为无事可做,感到十分乏味 There is nothing to be done意为某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常2不定式的时态 l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生例如: I saw him go out 2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发
12、生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式例如: I am very glad to be working with you 3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式例如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 3不定式的语态 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside It is possible for our hopes to be realized (二)动名词 1动名词由动词 + ing构成;
13、具有动词和名词的性质;在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语 1)作主语例如: Seeing is believing. Laying eggs is the ant queens full- time job. It is no use arguing with him. 注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作例如: Playing with fire is dangerous(泛指玩火) To play with fire will be dangerous(指一具体动作) 但在 It is no use g
14、ood,not any use good,useless等后必需用动名词。 2)作表语例如: Her job is teaching. 3)作宾语例如: He is fond of playing football I like swimming. 注 admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,
15、risk,suggest,cant help,cant stand(无法忍受)等动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式 注 forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。 I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习) I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事) I tried not to go there(我没法不去那里) I tried doing it again. (我试着又干了一次) Stop speaking. (不要讲
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