初一英语语法(苏教版)(43页).doc
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1、-现在完成时中“since”和“for”的区别1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is +一段时间
2、+ since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she w
3、as a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使
4、。1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has b
5、een married for six years. 声音:sound,noise 与 voice的区别sound表示听起来像和like连用,如:Its sounds like a bird.听起来像鸟在叫。voice表示嗓音,说他的嗓音很动听,用his voice was good.noise是杂音,响动的意思。如:我听到有动静。I heard a noise .这是一组与“声音”有关的名词,在使用上有区别。 sound泛指自然界各种各样的声音,不论其高低、是否悦耳等。如: I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声。 Light travels f
6、aster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。 noise表示“噪音、喧闹”,指的是人们不愿听到的声音或嘈杂声。它可以作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词。如: I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 Theres a lot of noise here. 这个地方人声嘈杂。 voice用于人时,指说话、歌唱或发笑的声音,也可指发言权。用于其它方面时,常含悦耳之声,如鸟鸣声,乐器声音等。如: Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。说:tell,speak,say,talk的区别tell
7、意为“告诉、讲述”,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。 tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。speak 意为“说话、讲话”,后面主要接语言。speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话”。 speak of 意为“提到、说起”。 speak to sb about sthtalk 意为“谈话、讲话”,如果只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用 talk to;如果双方或多方交谈,多用 with。talk about 意为“谈论.”。 have a talk with 意为“与.交谈”。say 意为“说”。 say sth
8、 to sb 意为“对.说”。 It is said that. 意为“据说”。 首先是say:之后要有说的内容,如He said nothing. say一般作及物动词用,着重说话的内容,它的宾语可以是名词,代词或宾语从句。 eg: He can say his name. 他会说他的名字。 Please say it in English. 请用英语用。 Shes saying ,Dont draw on the wall.她在说“别在墙上画”。 speak强调说的动作,不强调所说的内容 。作及物动词时,常以某种语言作宾语。作不及物动词时,常见的搭配形式有: speak of someth
9、ing/somebody谈到某事(某人)speak to sb 跟某 人讲话,此外speak还可用于在较为正式的场合了表演讲或演说。 Can you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗? She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师说话。 He spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在会上讲了话。 talk 一般为不及物动词,意思是“交谈,谈话,着重强调两具之间的相互说话。 eg: She is talking with Lucy in English. 她正在和露茜用英语交谈。 What are you talki
10、ng about? 你们在谈论什么? The teacher is talking to him. 老师正在和他谈话。 tell常作及物动词,意为“讲述,告诉,动词常跟双宾语。 tell sb sthtell sth to sb告诉某人某事。 eg: He is telling the children a story. 他正在给孩子们讲一个故事。 Did you tell her the news?Did you tell the news to her? 你把这个消息告诉她了吗?used to 与 be used to (1)used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但
11、如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步) (2)be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 将要:be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomo
12、rrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)twice、two times关于 A runs twice faster than B 这个的翻译,现在都还存在争议。有的人认为是A的速度是B的2倍,有人认为是A比B快2倍=A是B的3倍。 “A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。表示A是B的N倍。1.This tree is three times as tall as that one.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。2.His father is twice a
13、s old as he.他父亲的年纪有他两倍大。两倍用twice,不用two times.注意: 两倍一般都用twice, 不用 two times 例如: This tree is twice higher than that one. =This tree is twice as high as that one. =This tree is twice the height of that one.倍数+比较级 + than .= 倍数+ as + 形容词原形+as .= 倍数+the +形容词所对应的名词 + of .other、another、others、the other(1)o
14、ther后既可接可数名词复数形式又可接不可数名词,如:可数,other pencils 其它的铅笔,other students 其他的学生。不可数other tea 别的/其它的茶,other information 别的/其它消息。 any other其他一切的什么(2)the other 定指其它的,其后可接可数名词和单数,如: the other book 另外的一本书, the other map 另一张地图, 其后也可跟可数名词的复数形式,如: the other flowers 其他的花朵,the other teachers 其它的老师们,还可以接不可数名词,如:the oth
15、er water 剩下的水,the other beer 别的啤酒other 表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,如:two other boys;但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。如:the other two boys Tony is going camping with _C_boys next Sunday托尼将于下周日与另外两个男孩一起去野营。 Alittle two other Btwo little other Ctwo other little Dlittle other two Mr Smith asked me to fetch thre
16、e other recorders史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来。 (3)others 其用法相当于复数名词,此词不能用作定语,表示的意思是“不具体的某些东西”,如: This chemical is poisonous . Others are poisonous , too . ( others = other chemicals ) 但是如果others前用了the ,则表示具体的别的东西。如: I dont want these books . Please give me the others .( the others = the other books (4)another,作形
17、容词时,是指在原有的基础上再加一(些),表示“再一(些)”或“另外一个(些)”的意思。 another还可作代词,意思与作形容词时一样。another+数词=数词+moreeg:another one = one moreI want another appleI want one more apple 习惯用法:one anotherfrom oneto anotherthe other day = a few days agoevery other day/ week/yearsome, others如: I met Mr. Smith in the park the other day.
18、 前几天我在公园里碰见了Smith先生。 While at the university, he went to the library every other day. 在大学时他每隔一天去图书馆一次。 Some people like football, others like volleyball. 有些人喜欢足球,有些人喜欢排球。 They are very different from one another. 他们互相之间差别很大。 When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects wi
19、th them. 当美国人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方时, 花费:pay、spend、cost、takeSb pay some money for sth.(人做主语,结构是pay.for)Sb spent some money on sth 或 sb spend some money (in) doing sth(人做主语,结构为spend on/spend in dong) Sth cost sb some money.(物做主语)It takes sb some time/money to do sth(形式主语it)Eg:我花了五元钱买这本书.( 注意时态用过去时)I paid five
20、 yuan for the book. The book cost me five yuan.I spent fiveyuan on the book=I spent five yuan (in) buying the book.It took me five yuan to buy the book cross、across、crossing、 through、overcross是动词across是介词crossing是名词across 指在物体的表面穿过through指在物体的空间穿过over指崇山峻岭上穿过在前面:in front of 、in the front ofin front
21、of 没有范围限制,在整体外部的前面in the front of 有一定的范围限制,在整体内部的前面Eg:He sat in the front of the bus.(The bus 形成一定的范围)He sat in front of me.(无范围)遗忘,忘记:leave 与forget leave+物+地点。leave表示“遗忘”,通常只用来表示“把某物忘在某地”。 例如:Could I use your English-Chinese dictionary? I left mine at home. 我可以借用一下你的英汉词典吗?我的忘在家里了。When I went to sch
22、ool, I left my books at home.当我去上学时,我把我的书忘在家了。I left my book on the table. Dont leave me behind!forget+物,不能加地点。forget的意思是“忘记;忘却”,忘记某事或忘记做某事。例如:I forgot mailing the letter. 我忘记了寄过这封信。(信已寄出)I forgot to mail the letter. 我忘记寄这封信了。(信未寄出)漂亮的:beautiful、handsomebeautiful指女性handsome指男性in hospital in the host
23、ipal (在医院) 这类词有很多,加the不加the不一样in hospital 指生病住院in the hospital指在医院工作或去探视at table (在吃饭=having meals) at the table 在座子旁边仅指位置携带,带:bring、take、carry、fetchbring指带来take指带走fetch指去取回来carry指搬运重物some 肯定句 already肯定句 and肯定句 too肯定/疑问句 any 否定/疑问句 yet否定/疑问句 or否定/疑问句 either否定句good well 都有“好”之意 good是形容词 well 是副词many
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