英国文学史复习资料1.docx

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1、Review: The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods: 1.Early and Medieval English literature; （中古文学） 2.The English Renaissance（文艺复兴）; 3.The 17th C. The Period of Revolution（资产阶级革命） and Restoration（王权复辟）; 4.The 18th Century The Ag

2、e of Enlightenment （启蒙运动） 5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century; 6. The Victorian Age; （维多利亚时期） 7. The 20th Century Literature Modernism and Post-Modernism（现代和后现代主义）1. Early and Medieval English literature (5th C.-1485) 1) Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) The main literary

3、 contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon l

4、iterature. 2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, the roma

5、ntic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学). The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 3.The 17th CenturyThe Period of Revolution and Restoration The bourgeoisie revolution

6、 against monarchy-the Puritan Age. The greatest representatives are the “Three Johns”: John Milton, John Donne , the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan, a great prose writer. 4.The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动） an expression of struggle of the then progressive c

7、lass of bourgeoisie against feudalism.In literature, Classicism, or Neoclassicism, dominated this century. The middle of this century in England sees the inception of a new literary current sentimentalism .At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pre-Romanticism emerged.5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in En

8、gland in the 1st half of the 19th century; Romanticism in England came into being in the latter half of the 18th century with William Blake and Robert Burns representing the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798,

9、 Romanticism began to bloom in the history of English literature. The trend ended at the death of Scott in 1832. This is an age of poetUnit 1 1.Early and Medieval English literature(中古文学)1) Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊)Period (449-1066) The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic(史诗), and its m

10、asterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf（贝奥武甫）, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature. 名词说明 Epic: A long narrative（叙事诗） p

11、oem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark（丹麦） story; alliteration,metaphors and understatements2) The Anglo-Norman（盎格鲁-诺曼） Period (1066-1350)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest（诺曼底人对英格兰的军事折服）. After t

12、he conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry （骑士精神）was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code（骑士法典）, the romantic interest in women , tenderness（亲切） and reverence（崇敬） paid to Virgin Mary（圣母玛丽亚） etc. The prevailing（流行的） form of li

13、terature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学). The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士2. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟1)Geoffrey Chaucer (13431400), a Londoner of bourgeois（资本家） origin, an outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and “the father of Engli

14、sh poetry”. His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English. He also contributed importantly in the second half of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier（朝臣）, diplomat（外交官）, and civil servant（公务员）. But it is his writing of poetry that makes him

15、 remembered. 2) 代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端) 大致介绍：The Canterbury Tales, an unfinished series of stories purporting (claim or pretend ) to be told by a group of pilgrims journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket and back. Among the band of pilgrims are a knight, a monk,

16、 a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and the wife from Bath. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories in a frame story(框架故事), between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of 32(30? 31? 29?) people who travel as pilgrims（朝圣者） to Canterbury (England). The pilgrims, who come

17、 from all layers（阶层） of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. 名词说明：a frame story(框架故事):A narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told.文学作品中一个故事套着一个故事的构造，故事中的故事。如天方夜谈坎特伯雷故事集

18、等。最初原型一般归溯到十日谈（Boccaccios Decameron）（ 薄伽丘（意大利诗人）P43） “The General Prologue” told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. More than 120 stories were supposed to be told. But Chaucer had actually completed only 22 stories, wit

19、h two more existing in fragments. Two of the 24 tales were told by Chaucer. Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales, and The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts. 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various wa

20、lks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲解并描述自己的故事，无形中说明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see ma

21、n freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地信任命运). 他盼望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 3）Heroic CoupletPentameter（五步格诗）: pentaGreek word meaning “five”, a poetic line consisting of 5 verse feet .Iambic(抑扬格): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable in each foot .Couplet: two consec

22、utive lines of poetry that rhyme.Blank Verse (无韵体，素体诗): unrhymed iambic pentameter . Blank verse is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.名词说明 Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句/双韵体) : is an iambic pentameter couplet. The form was introduc

23、ed into English by Chaucer, and widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏（英国诗人）.4）Chaucers Contributionsa) He introduced from French the “heroic couplet ” to English poetry .b) He is the first important poet to write in the current English languag

24、e.c) Chaucer did much in making the dialect（方言） of London the foundation for modern English language.Heroic Couplet vs Blank Verse 1. Heroic Couplet The first 2 lines As soon | as Ap | ril pier | ces to | the root The drought| of March | and bathes | each bud | and shoot The alternation between stre

25、ssed and unstressed syllables is regular, the whole line can be divided into five such divisions , each is a Foot . Foot : a division of a line in poetry, in which there is usually a strong beat (节拍)and one or two weaker ones .eg . 2. Blank Verse If you can look into the seeds of time , And say whic

26、h grain will grow and which will not , Speak then me who neither beg nor fear Your favors nor your hate. Macbeth by Shakespeare Unit 2 1.The English Renaissance; The period in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries . During this period , the classical arts and learning were discovered again and

27、widely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution(资产阶级革命) . In the Renaissance period , scholars and educators called themselves

28、humanists and began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and they held their chief interest in mans values and his environment and doings . So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance.2.Renaissance Literature in England主要作者介绍1) Poetry: Thomas Wyatt;( He introduced the sonnet i

29、nto English literature.)Philip Sidney;(An outstanding lyrical（抒情诗） and epic poet )Edmund Spencer(English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史诗) The Faerie Queene 仙后 is one of the greatest in the English language. It was written in what came to be called the Spenserian stanza.( 斯宾塞诗体)Spenserian st

30、anza.( 斯宾塞诗体)：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme （韵律）scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter（六步格诗） . 2) Drama:Christopher Marlowe（The greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle

31、of expression in drama.）3) Novels: John Lyly（Great popularity was won by his novel Eupheus (尤弗伊斯) which gave rise to an affected style of court speech called “euphuism”尤弗伊斯体/绮丽体)4) Essays/Prose: Francis Bacon（第一个散文家(essayist)）University Wits高校才子派：A group of young Elizabethan playwrights who had stud

32、ied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge 例如： Christopher Marlowe，John Lyly3. William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Shakespeare is not of an age, but for all time. Ben Johnson He contributed 154 sonnets, 37 (38?) plays, and 2 long narrative poems to the literary legacy of the world.1）One of the most re

33、markable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. 2）In his life , Shakespeares activities as a dramatist ，poet ，actor , and proprietor（经营者） ,lasted until the year 1612 when he retired from the stage and returned to Stratford.He died on April 23rd，1616.3）The Three Periods of Literary Career 1s

34、t: 1590-1600 comedies2nd: 1601-1608 tragedies Four Great Tragedies：Hamlet (1601)Othello(1604) King Lear(1605) Macbeth(1605)Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情主要人物：Claudius克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得：王子的母亲，Polonius波洛琉斯：爱说闲谈的官员，Ophelia奥菲利亚：官员的女儿，Laertes雷欧提斯：官员的儿子3rd: 1609-1612 histories补充： Read: PP56-58 Ham

35、let（Act 3， Scene1）Soliloquy: a speech made by an actor（独白 ）on the stage to reveal his inner world by thinking aloud.4.Sonnet（十四行诗）1）名词说明Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem , usually written in rhymed（押韵的） iambic pentameter.2) It originated from Italy .Thomas Wyatt introduced it to English in the 16th

36、 century .3) Sonnet has two types :a.the Italian sonnet (or Petrarchan sonnet , Petrarch is an Italian poet in the 14th century.)意式（彼特拉克式）十四行诗(The Petrarchan sonnet)的格式，即包括一个八行节（octave）和一个六行节（sestet），韵脚按abba abba cdecde。b.the English or Shakespearean sonnet：莎士比亚十四行诗 ( TheShakespearean sonnet) 的节律是五音

37、步抑扬格。全诗包括三个四行组和一个两行组，韵脚按abab cdcd efef gg排列，称为“莎士比亚式 ”， “伊丽莎白式” “或英国式 ”。5. Francis Bacon：十七世纪初，英国的出色散文家Bacon is the first English essayist. A.人物简介 Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, statesman（政治家 ）, scientist, lawyer, jurist（法学家） and author，is a representative of the English Renaissance ,who bel

38、ongs to both the worlds of philosophy and literature .As a literature figure,he played a central role in the development of English essay ;while as the father if Empiricism（阅历主义） ,he laid the foundation for modern science in England.Bacon is the first English essayist. In scientific inquiry, Bacon p

39、roposed a theory of scientific knowledge based on observation and experiment that came to be known as the inductive method.inductive method: to proceed from particulars to general principles B. main works The Advancement of Learning学术的推动 (1605), New Instrument 新工具 (1620), New Atlantis新大西岛 (1627) and

40、 Essays 论说文集 ( 1597). Homework:According to Bacon, how studies may “serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”? What are the functions of the rhetorical devices used in these sentences? Translate them into equivalent Chinese.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书足以（serve

41、）怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.史鉴使人明智，诗歌使人巧慧，数学使人精细，自然科学使人深入，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨。 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深入，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨。Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and re

42、tiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。人们独居或退隐的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话的时候，最能表现出读书的文静；推断和处理事务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的实力。Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and diges

43、ted; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其局部者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须聚精会神，孜孜不倦6.Of Studies（P63）Part 1 The purpose of reading.Part 2 The method/measures. (How

44、 to read?)Part 3 The effect/function. homework: 1. The organization 2. Discussion：The purpose of reading? 3. Appreciation & translationUnit 3 1.Historical Background of t he17th Century:The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous(暴乱的) periods in English history. It was a period when absolute mo

45、narchy（君主制度） impeded 阻碍the further development of capitalism（资本主义） in England and the bourgeoisie（资产阶级） could no longer bear the sway（统治） of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.2. The Literary

46、 Characteristics：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚简朴的生活、回绝十四行诗和爱情诗、及旧思想脱离。 3. 代表人物：John Donne 约翰.多恩，John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿，John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬4.John Donne 约翰.多恩 (1572-1631) is the most outstanding of the English

47、 Metaphysical（玄学派） Poets today and very influential upon modern writers; at his time, Donne was a preacher（牧师）famous for his magnificent sermons（布道辞）.1)Metaphysical Poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized

48、 by verbal（口头的） wit（巧智）, ingenious（有独创性的） structure, irregular meter（韵律）, colloquial language（通俗语）, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar（不同的） ideas.2)名词说明Conceit (奇喻): A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things3)AValediction:Forbidding Mourning(P75) The speaker uses the concei