2023考研语法讲义：第一章 素颜句之简单句.docx

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1、目录第一节中英文句子比拟1第二节英语句子基本结构2第三节简单句精华之主干4第四节简单句的考点分析19第三节简单句精华之主干 总结：must have done： 一定做过某事neednt have done：本没必要做某事，但是做了could have done：本能够做某事，但没有做should have done：本应该做某事，但没有做助动词助动词就是帮助谓语动词一起构成否认、疑问、时态、语态等的词。分类及用法be助动词be主要用来构成进行时和被动语态。I am studying in America now.我现在在美国上学。An increasing number of people

2、are taking part-time jobs. 越来越多的人在做兼职。a. dodo的各种形式did does以及否认形式dont/didn/doesn主要用来构成否认句、疑问句。Do you know Lisa well?Dont you understand what I am saying?你不明白我现在在说什么吗？Did Tiechui visit you yesterday?铁锤昨天来找你 了吗？b. havehave的各种形式has had否认hasnt/hadn11主要用来帮助构成完成时We havent finished our work yet.我们还没完成工作。We

3、will have finished our work by next week.我们下周为止会完成所有工作。d wiU/wouldwill/would作助动词后面+动词原型帮助构成将来时I will arrive in Beijing at five oclock.我将会在五点到达北京。How long will you be staying in Beijing?你将在北京待多久？二、主语L主语的成分第三节简单句精华之主干She is a teacher. Her job is to teach English.(3) Helping you learn English well is h

4、er task. Thal she will quit his job as an English teacher has upset every one of us.2.主语能不能少？句子必须要有主谓，所以一句话是不能没有主语的。那祈使句怎么没有主语？祈使句不是没有主语，而是为了加强语气，把主语暂时省略了而已。下面的句子有主语吗？外面很冷。她的包里有一封情书。必须指出努力是实现人生价值的必备因素。无主的解决方案： 解决方案一：There be句型她的包里有一封情书。一年有四个季节。有很多原因能解释为什么精神的富足最重要。There is a love letter in her bag. T

5、here are four seasons in a year.(3) There are numerous factors explaining why Spiritual abundance is the most important. 解决方案二：it作形式主语机舱里很闷。此时的北京很冷。雪一直在下。 It is stuffy in the cabin. It is cold in Beijing now. It keeps snowing. 解决方案三：被动10第三节简单句精华之主干必须指出坚持是成功的必备因素。We must point out that Persistence is

6、 essential to success.Persistence must be pointed out to be essential to success.真相早晚会大白的。The truth will be known by everyone.保护环境很重要。Protecting environment is argued to be of great importance. 政府应该采取措施去解决这个问题。Measures should be taken by the government to solve this problem.（主动）你可以一次借两本书。You can bor

7、row two books at a time.（被动）一次两本书可以被你借。Two books can be borrowed at a time.（主动）我们应该照顾父母。We should take good care of our parents.（被动） 父母应该被我彳门照顾。Our parents should be taken good care of by us.无被动的情况：（1）系动词无被动（主系表）The milk smells sour.这牛奶闻起来酸了。Dayan looks very tired.大雁看起来特别累。（2） have, own, possess含义为闿

8、川有”一般无被动I have many cute dolls.我有很多可爱的娃娃。A person should possess courage,determination and wisdom.一个人应该拥有勇气，决心和智慧。（3）表示“发生”或“爆发”的动词（词组）无被动发生：take place, happen, occur爆发：break out, burst out11第三节简单句精华之主干I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在哪儿见到了他。The war broke out in 1937. 这场战争于 1937 年爆发。（4）不及物动词无被动（主谓）

9、The price has risen. 7张价了。（5）宾语为不定式、动词的.ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如: He decided to go with us.他决定跟我们一起去。I want to buy a computer.（6）宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：We should help each other.我们应该相互帮助。We live a happy life in the small town.我们在这个小城里过着幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too much.他对自己想得太

10、多。（7）宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the airport in two hours.我们再过两个小时就会到机场了。He has gone to Chongqing now.他已经去重庆了。英汉差异比照：英语形合，汉语意合英语多被动，汉语却多主动举例：我们不应该盲目地追星。Superstars should not be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters.越来越多的人认为在孩子成长的过程中家庭教育比学校教育更重要。home education is argued to be more import

11、ant than school education in childrens growth.在过去几十年里，政府采取了各种措施防止灾害发生。various measures, in the past decades, have been taken to prevent disasters.12第三节简单句精华之主干最近，中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Sciences )出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一年展望的年度系列报告 An annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of th

12、e next year was recently published by Chinese Academy of Science. 解决方案四：人称代词做主语这是最后的选择，只有当以上三种方法都解决不了的时候，最后才用人称代词作主语。只有it, There be,并且主动变被动也行不通时，才加人称代词作主语。比方说“上学”，翻译就是：We/You/I go to school.We all agree with his idea. 我们都同意他的观点(不及物动词无被动) |三、主语从句|.什么是主语从句他能赢得这场比赛是很确定的。【番羽译】He will win the competition

13、 is certain. 他能赢得这场比赛吗还不知道呢。翻译 Will he win the competition is still a question. 他为什么能赢的这场比赛是很明显的。【翻译 1 why can he win the competition is self-evident.这三个主语从句有什么区别？他能赢得这场比赛。一陈述句他能赢得这场比赛吗一一般疑问句他为什么能赢得这场比赛？ 一特殊疑问句名词性从句的引导词就是按照从句的类型来划分，一共分成三类：1)that：当从句是陈述句时。需要注意的是that在从句中不充当成分，也没有实义。2) whether：当从句是一般疑问

14、句时。whether在从句中不充当成分，但意思为“是、否”。需要注意的是， 同学们还听过if也可以译为“是否”，这两个引导词中whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if只能引 导宾语从句。3)特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时。常见的连接副词有：when, where, why, how；常见的连接代词 有: who, whom, what, which, whoseo并且这些特殊疑问词一般都有固定的意思。13第三节简单句精华之主干当你身处低谷时，周围的人会对你很冷漠是显而易见的。【翻译】that people are indifferent to you when you are at a

15、 low point is quite self-evident. 他们全家当初为什么离开河南去新疆至今为止都是个秘密。【翻译】 Why his family left Henan for Xinjiang at the beginning is a secret until now. 读书的目的是净化我们的灵魂是毋庸置疑的。【翻译】That reading is to purify our minds is beyond dispute. 虽然我已经结婚了，但是你是不是真的曾经爱过我一直是我的疑惑。【翻译】 Although I have been married, whether you

16、really loved me has been my doubt.女人总是对的是一个常识。【翻译】Ladies tend to be right is common knowledge. 或 it is common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.2.主语从句的考点分析主语从句在写作中的总分值表达就是使用it作形式主语It has been widely accepted that.人们普遍认为/众所周知It is self-evident that是显而易见的。 It is common knowledge that是一个常识。It is g

17、enerally agreed that.人们普遍认为/众所周知It is my belief that. = I think that. 我认为(6) It is universally acknowledged that. 人们普遍认为 / 众所周知It has been found that.人们已经发现 It is beyond dispute that是毋庸置疑的。举例： It is common knowledge that a positive attitude plays a key role in achieving success.【翻译】积极的心态对于成功至关重要，这是一

18、个常识。 It is my belief that the issue about pollution should be brought into the limelight under modern conditions.【翻译】我认为关于污染这个话题现在应该引起人们的关注。1) It + is + adj./n. + to do sth.It is critical to learn English well.学好英语很重要。It is indispensable to keep in good health.保持健康很重要。14第三节简单句精华之主干It is a good idea

19、to go to the cinema.去电影院是个好主意。It is +adj+of sb+to do sth.表示某人做某事真是太怎么样了。It is so kind of him to help me with my English.他很善良总是帮助我学英语。3.如何识别主语从句？首先，引导词出现在句首，且和主句的谓语动词（词组）之间没有逗号，那么句首的从句就一定是主语从句。主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词（词组）之前结束。其次，很多句子中，也会出现主语从句后置的情况，所以见到it. that （强调句除外）通常也是主语从句， 主语从句从that开始到句末结束。 That he fin

20、ished his homework in such a short time surprised us all.他在如此短的时间内写完作业使我们十分惊讶。For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.比方说，长期以来众所周知，完全剥夺睡眠对老鼠来说是绝对致命的，但是通过检查尸体，这些动物看起 来 又

21、完全正常。 3） For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on （取决于）how inclined they were to feel guilty.对于同情心缺乏的孩子来说，他们愿意提供多少似乎取决于他们内疚的程度。 It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use o

22、f verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.普遍认为，一个高智商的人是一个这样的人：他能够轻易地理解他人的想法，能够做出区分，能够进行逻 辑 推理，并且还能使用文字和数学符号来解决问题。 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used.以后的行为多大程度上能够证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的

23、数量、可靠性和适合性。 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or viceversa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府应该以牺牲技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入，还是以牺牲纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入，这取决于 哪 一个被视为驱动力的问题。15第三节简单句精华之主干 Driving her point home, she continued

24、: Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and fireedom.”为了进一步说明她的观点，她接着说：“越来越明显的是，在政府、媒体或企业内部，目的和道德语言的缺 失 可能会成为资本主义和自由最危险的目标之一。”|四、宾语|.宾语的成分 The students admire her. Da

25、yan receives a love letter.(3) Tiedan enjoys browsing TicToc. We should believe that our destiny is in our own hands.2 .宾语从句She said (that) she would study hard to pass the examination.她说她会好好学习通过考试。 I wonder if/whether I can pass the CET4 smoothly.我不知道自己能否顺利通过大学英语四级考试。3 .宾语从句的考点分析我每天都在思考人类为什么能统治这个星球

26、。Every day, I wonder why humans rule this planet.有一天你会发现，事业、亲情和友情都比爱情重要。Someday, you will find that careers, kinship and friendship are more important than love itself.4 .宾语从句的考点分析1)写作我正在思考我是否应该放弃考研。I am reflecting whether I should give up the postgraduate entrance examination.很多人认为成功就是不惜任何代价挣到很多的钱。

27、Many people argue that success means making a lot of money at any cost.16第三节简单句精华之主干2）如何识别宾语从句宾语总在实义动词后出现，所以如果实义动词后面有引导词，通常都是宾语从句。 In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshipers that their souls were in danger and that the

28、y would someday be meat for worms.在西方国家，群众传媒和读写普及之前，最强大的群众媒体是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，总有一天他们会成为蠕虫的食物。 He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in

29、his own observations.他相信，就是这个困难可能具有补偿性的优势，迫使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子，所以也能够使他发现推理和观察中的错误。 Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day-in particular how we craft our to-do lists.想要事半功倍，还有一个方法，重新考虑一天之中的事情孰轻孰重，特别是该如何精巧地安排我们的待办事项清单。 This alone demonstrates that the

30、television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.这一点说明，电视行业不是一个容易生存的行业，这一事实是由数据支持的。这些数据说明，在欧洲的80 个电视网络中，至少有一半1989年是亏损的。 While talking to you, your could-be employer

31、is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your wares and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.当与你谈话时，可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经验和你的其他资历是否会在雇佣你以 后给他带来好处。你的“资历”和能力必须有条不紊、合理连贯地展示出来。 You have all heard

32、it repeated that men of science work by means of induction （归纳法）and deduction （ 演绎 法），that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skills of their own, they build up their theories.你重复地听说过这些

33、事情吗？科学工作者通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，而且从某种意义上说，他们通过 这些操作设法从自然中提取一些自然法那么，然后根据这些自然法那么和自己的一些特殊技能，建立起来了自17第三节简单句精华之主干 己的理论。五、表语.表语的成分Its me.That remains a puzzle to me.My job is to teach English.My hobby is reading.Dayan keeps silent.The sun is up.Tiechui is not at home.This is what Tiechui mother said.表语的成分有：代词、名词（短

34、语）、非谓语结构、形容词（短语）、副词、介词短语和从句。1 .表语从句1）什么是表语从句2）表语从句的考点分析3）写作幸福就是一个人可以按照自己想要的方式过完这一生。Happiness is that a person can live his life in the way he wants.昨天是一个历史，明天是一个谜，但是今天是一个礼物，这就是为什么它叫作“present”！Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. But today is a gift. That is why its called the present!问题的关键是我

35、们总是对别人要求很严格，却对自己过分宽容。The problem is that we are too strict with others and too lenient with ourselves.我想知道的是你嫁给他多年后你过得幸福吗？What I want to know is whether you have enjoyed yourself all these years after you married him.2 .如何识别表语从句18第一节中英文句子比拟第一章素颜句之简单句第一节中英文句子比拟, 举例.中文：重庆江北机场就要到了。英文： We are arriving a

36、t Chongqing Jiangbei airport.不能译为： Chongqing Jiangbei Airport is arriving.1 .中文：北京下雨了。英文：It is raining in Beijing.不能译为：Beijing is raining.3中文：我要去理发。英文：I will ask a barber to cut my hair.或 I will have my hair cut.不能译为：I will cut my hair.4 .中文：饭吃了吗你？英文：Have you had lunch ?不能译为：Lunch eat? 小结.汉语可以没有主语或谓

37、语或宾语，英语必须具备主语和谓语。比如：大雁很美！这个中文句就没有谓语，但是翻译成英文时，必须有谓语。即：Dayan is beautiful.而不是 Dayan beautiful.1 .汉语如果有主谓宾，主谓宾不讲究顺序；英语不但要有主谓，并且主谓宾的关系需要固定。主语：动词动作的发出者。宾语：动词动作的承受者。（承受者如果要做主语必须使用被动语态）比方：猪喂了吗？你！或喂了吗？猪译成英文时,只能是：Have you fed the pig?2 .汉语对词性没有严格的要求，英语对词性有严格的要求。第四节简单句的考点分析表语在系动词后面出现，所以系动词后面有引导词出现，通常是表语从句。 It

38、 is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.奇怪的是，为了给他的学生一个更美好的未来，史蒂芬科兹亚泰克觉得他似乎得证明自己的努力是合理的。 Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in

39、virtuous directions.然而，专家和官僚们能在多大程度上成功地选择我们的同辈群体，并引导他们的活动向良性的方向开展，这一点还远不确定。(3) A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump9s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through

40、other sources, not a presidenfs social media platform.美国哈佛大学的调查结果显示，三分之二以上的美国年轻人对特朗普总统使用推特表示不满。这意味着， 比 起总统的社交媒体平台，千禧一代更喜欢通过其他渠道来过滤白宫的新闻。 Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the s

41、un rather than around the Earth.伽利略最伟大的成就是：在1609年，他是第一个用新创造的望远镜观测天空，从而证明了行星是绕着太阳而不是绕着地球转的人。 But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.但有件

42、事是我们是可以肯定的，那就是，随着全球化和信息技术革命的每一次进步，将来最好的工作都会 要 求从业者接受更多更好的教育，以使自己的能力高于平均水平。 Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they are lost. That is where their unhappiness springs from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims. 女人太专注于她们的家庭。一

43、旦婚姻开始解体，她们就会有迷失感。这就是她们不快乐的来源，也是大多数离婚的母亲认为她们是受害人的原因。第四节简单句的考点分析,19第四节简单句的考点分析I一、写作I能够让阅卷老师快速读懂你想表达的信息。下 面能够让阅卷老师快速读懂你想表达的信息。下 面简单句在写作中也扮演着重要角色：简单凝练，铿锵有力, 来回答两个在写作中学生常问的问题：1）单词不会写？2）长难句写出来就是错的?总结：所有的复合句都是由简单句构成的，写不出高级的复合句，就暂时先用简单句来代替。句子同单词一样，写正确最重要。|二、长难句分析讲解谓语局部时，我们就清楚地知道分析长难句的第一步就是找动词（词组），找到动词（词组），就

44、一定是谓语啊。一旦谓语确定，主语、宾语不就立即呈现了吗？但是有时候一句话有多个动词出现，那 就说明这不是一个单纯的句子，有可能是并列句，也有可能是主从复合句。比方：I love you and you love me.这句话有两个动词，是and并列的两个句子。再如：I love you, who love me.有两个动词，第一个love是主句的动词，第二个love是从句的动词。因为第二个love前面有 引导词（who）啊。也就是从句就是引导词后跟句子。那主从句就很容易判断了，如果动词前有引导词，就是从句的谓语（我们不需要找从句的动词）；如 果 其前面没有引导词，就是主句的谓语。举例： Ast

45、rophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures.只翻译主干 天体物理学家们正在研究这些结构。 The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers wh

46、o are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.只翻译主干：战后婴儿潮的到来和女人开始进入由男人主宰的职场都限制了机会。(3)Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues.翻

47、译：只翻译主干生长需要热量和营养。20第四节简单句的考点分析 If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.翻译：只翻译主干那将是一个重大的胜利。 This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.只翻译主干：这将会是合理的。21第二节英语句子基本结构第二节英语句子基本结构一1 .主语+谓语主语加不及物的谓语动词构成，常用来表示主语的动作。太阳升起来了。The sun rises.