2021年考研英语一真题及答案.docx

《2021年考研英语一真题及答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2021年考研英语一真题及答案.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly

2、, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss

3、and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-old

4、er-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that r

5、esulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16, there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintainlean muscle mass as you age in or

6、der to protect both your physical and mental 18. Thetwo highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. A pausesB returnsC fadesD peaks2. A generall

7、yB formallyC accidentallyD alternatively3. A sinceB whileC onceD until4. A detectionB consumptionC accumulationD separation5. A decisionB possibilityC goalD requirement6. A ensureB delayC seekD utilize7. A modifiedB supportedC predictedD included8. A devotedB convertedC comparedD applied9. AaboveB w

8、ithC byD against10. A livedB managedC playedD scored11. A went byB set offC drew inD ran out12. A superiorB parallelC attributableD resistantin many countries of Westem Europe, the numbeis of students in highei education doubled within five-year peiiods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, e

9、ight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestati

10、ons of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years,

11、(49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life inAnd if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and student

12、s, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academ

13、ic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students a】e admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance an*angements, with the empowerment of ju

14、nior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart ADirections:A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign y

15、our own name in the email; use Li Ming instead. (10 points)PartB51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)10112021年试题答案速查表S

16、ection I Use of English (10 points)D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. DI. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B20. BReading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Text 1Text 226. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. DText 331.D32. A33. C34. D35. AText 436. C 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. APart

17、 B (10 points)41. G 42. B 43. F 44. C 45. DPart C (10 points)46 .这些经历了二战的国家，战前数十年适龄人口的高校入学率一直维持在3%至5%左右。 但战后，反法西斯战争的胜利带来了巨大的社会变化和政治变革，在欧美经济实体中，亟需 越来越多具有中学教育程度以上的毕业生。47 .在这些国家里，接受高等教育的需求日益高涨，已扩展到战前从未想过接受大学教育的各 个团体以及社会阶层。48 .在西欧很多国家，20世纪60年代接受高等教育的学生数量在五年内增加了一倍。在20 世纪70年代中期，又在七年、八年或十年内再次增倍。49 .并且当新员工主

18、耍是刚刚毕业的研究生时，他们就在很大程度上确定了该院系学术生活12 的规范。50 .高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，但它们也削弱了教师和学生在稳定期或缓慢增长期间 被纳入学术团队的形式和过程。1313. A restored14. A explain15. A treatments16. A Likewise17. A take18. A process19. A love20. A designB isolatedB spreadB symptomsB Therefore|B watchB wellbeingB levelB dietC controlledC removeC demandsC

19、 MeanwhileCcountC formationC knowledgeC prescriptionD involvedD alterD compensationsD InsteadD| changeD coordinationD spaceD routineSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the

20、ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can Britains train operators possibly justify yet another increase rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use t

21、he rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost

22、of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails o

23、f commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst

24、 rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on

25、the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, service

26、s can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by

27、 regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressedin short order21. The author holds that this years incre

28、ase in rail passengers fares.A has kept pace with inflationremains an unreasonable measureB is a big surprise to commuterswill ease train operators, burden22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for.A local investorsordinary taxpayersB car driversrail travellers23. It is indicated in Par

29、agraph 3 that train operators.A have failed to provide an adequate servicehave suffered huge losses owing to the strikesB are offering compensations to commutersare tying to repair relations with the unions24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to facethe loss of investmentA th

30、e collapse of operationsa change of ownershipB a reduction of revenueWhich of the following would be the best title for the text?A| Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkEver-rising Fares Arent SustainableC Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?Text 2Last year marked the third

31、year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kid

32、s in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They9re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicin

33、e to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.growth can

34、 be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations dont prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.

35、 There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the

36、third- largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012一including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. C6We see that th

37、e program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation, Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement

38、their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market acc

39、ess. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didnt reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”According

40、to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to.A| help poor families get better offfacilitate health care reformB improve local education systemslower deforestation rates25. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that.A cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poo

41、rCCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesB economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation D antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersIn his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out.A its annual rate of poverty alleviationthe relation of CCTs t

42、o its forest loss C the role of its forests in climate change D its acceptance level of CCTs26. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that. A it can boost grain productionB it can protect the environmentIC it will reduce regional inequality D it will benefit other As

43、ian countriesWhat is the text centered on?A The process of a study.B The transferability of a study.C The debates over a program.D The effects of a program.Text 3As a historian whos always searching fbr the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, Ive become preoccupied with looking fbr

44、 photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, andsince I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,

45、 and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians9 makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast c

46、atalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography,

47、exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by tod