2021考研英语二真题及参考答案.docx

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1、2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Its not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harden 1 , to understand their negative consequences. Most w

2、ork-related behaviours have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors

3、 to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 , How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7_, the number of buses and bus lanes were in

4、creased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit their targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 1J drivers who obeyed t

5、raffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people become immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple.

6、 Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 , Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is a

7、n argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objecti

8、ve.1. A. howeverB. againC. moreoverD. therefore2. A. IdentifyB. AssessC. ExplainD. Emphasize3. A. curiouslyB. eagerlyC. quicklyD. nearly4. A. proveB. checkC. recallD. claim5. A. threatenedB. mockedC. blamedD. ignored6. A. hospitalityB. competitionC. innovationD. punctuality7. A. SoB. BesidesC. Still

9、D. Yet1Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you shouldinterpret the chart, and1) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某市居民体育锻炼方式调查10参考答案Section I Use of English (10 points)I. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. B

10、 9. C 10. AB 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. D20. CSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)Text 121.B22.A23.D24.C25. BText 226. A 27. B 28. B 29. D 30. AText 331.C32.D33. A34. A35. AText 436. D 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. BPart B (10 points)41.E42. G43.F44. A45.BSection

11、 III Translation (15 points)我们通常认为，挚友和家人是联络、欢笑和温暖的重要源泉。尽管这很可能是正确的， 但是最近研究者们还发现，与陌生人交流确实可以带来心态方面的改善，还可以带来我们意 想不到的归属感。在一系列的研究中，研究者们让芝加哥地区乘坐公共交通设施的上班族与身边的人进行交 谈。总体而言，与那些按照要求只是站立或坐着且默不作声的人相比，与陌生人攀谈的受试 者感觉更为良好。研究者还认为，假设我们害怕和陌生人闲谈，通常是由于一种毫无必要的焦 虑感，认为对方不愿意和我们交谈。但是在很多时候，这种想法是错误的。事实说明，很多 人实际上非常愿意交谈，他们甚至会因为得到

12、你的关注而倍感荣幸。118. A. trained9. A. rather10. A. revenue11. A. quiet12. A. problem13. A. revealed14. A. trip15. A. background16. A. criticize17. A. secret18. A. calling for19. A. predict20. A. reviewB. rewarded B. once B. efficiency B. cautious B. prejudice B. admitted B. departure B. style B. sacrifice

13、B. productB. leading to B. restore B. presentC. groupedC. alsoC. securityC. diligentC. policyC. noticedC. transferC. formC. tolerateC. costC. accounting forC. createC. achieveD. hiredD. onlyD. comfort D. friendly D. purpose D. reported D. break D. moral D. interpretD. taskD. relating toD. specifyD.

14、modifySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1“Reskilling“ is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan t

15、o have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the “core skills“ w

16、ithin job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not a

17、lways happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire- and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy, though, the focus usually

18、 turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In

19、 February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, no

20、t all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in afew weeks. But even if you cannot

21、close the gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retaining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to

22、support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggestsan increase in full-time employmentA an urgent demand for new job skillsa steady growth of job opportunities fD a controversy about th

23、e “core skills”22. AT&T is cited to show.A an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyan immediate need for government supportB the importance of staff appraisal standards|D| the characteristics of reskilling programs23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada.A have driven up labour costs

24、B | have proved to be inconsistentC have met with fierce oppositionhave appeared to be insufficient24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was|A| a call for policy adjustmentB a change in hiring practicesa lack of medical workers fD a sign of economic recovery25. Scandinavian Airlines decided t

25、o.A create job vacancies for the unemployedprepare their laid-off workers for other jobsB retrain their cabin staff for better servicesfinance their staffs college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in so

26、me regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The

27、country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three- quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boostthe farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nations health. Sounds great-but how feasible is this vision?Accord

28、ing to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our mea

29、t and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self- sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively-meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.Bu

30、t switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesnt have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the countrys land is suitable for cropgrowing, most of which i

31、s already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg-which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes-we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fru

32、it and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie i

33、ntake.26. Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK wouldA contribute to the nations well-beingA become a priority of the governmentbe hindered by its population growthB pose a challenge to its farming industryThe report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK.A more green fiel

34、ds will be converted for farmingmost land is used for meat and dairy productionB farmland has been inefficiently utilizedfactory-style production needs reforming27. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to.A its dietary traditionits natural conditionsB its commercial interestsits farming technolo

35、gy28. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people.A are trying to grow new varieties of grainsare seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeB enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption|D| rely largely on imports for fresh produce29. The authors attitude to food self-sufficiency in

36、the UK is.A doubtfultolerantB optimistic DJ defensiveText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsofts own Office dominates the market for “productivity“ softwar

37、e, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many acqui-hires

38、” that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.To Microsofts critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. They bought the seedlings and closed them down,“ co

39、mplained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnolds own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he a

40、dmits to mixed feelings about the result: I think these things know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only

41、 a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling through such small deals-many of them much less prominent than W

42、underlist and Sunnise一might seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub-$l billion acquisitions over the past five yearsa drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130 billion

43、 of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill,? tactic to simply close them down.30.

44、What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions? A Their market values declined.8 Their tech features improved. C Their engineers were retained.D Their products were re-priced.31. Microsofts critics believe that the big tech companies tend to.A ignore public opinionstreat new tech

45、 talent unfairlyB exaggerate their product quality D | eliminate their potential competitorsPaul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might.A harm the national economy | B | worsen market competition C discourage start-up investors D weaken big tech companiesThe US Federal Trade Commission in

46、tends to.A examine small acquisitions |B| limit Big Techs expansion C supervise start-ups* operations D encourage research collaborationFor the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have.A brought little financial pressure B raised few management challenges C set an example for futur

47、e deals D generated considerable profitsText 4Were fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she called “th

48、in slicing/ the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 1 O-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructors overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students end-of- semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another