英语语法非常简单的讲解Grammar.doc

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1、 Simple PresentSimple Present is the most basic verb tense in English. It has several uses:STRUCTURESubject + Base Verb + ObjectExamples: I like pizza. She lives in Toronto. We have a dog. They go to school.For he, she, and it use the third-person verb. This is the same as the base verb, but it has

2、an s on the end:1. Base Verb - play, live, run2. 3rd Person Verb - plays, lives, runsThis table shows the difference between the third person pronouns. Notice the s on the end of the word. Base Verb3rd PersonI live in Vancouver.He lives in Vancouver.You play soccer.She plays soccer.Tom and Dan (they

3、) like basketball.Tom (he) likes basketball.The books (they) look old.The book (it) looks old.Here are all the pronouns with the verbs in simple present:l I like pizza.l You like pizza.l He likes pizza.l She likes pizza.l It likes pizza.l We like pizza.l They like pizza.NegativesNegatives in simple

4、present use do not or does not. They also use be + not.Do Not/Does NotSubject + Do/Does +not + base verbExamples: I do not like pizza.She does not play baseball.After do not or does not the verb is always in the base form. He likes soccer. He does not like soccer. She studies English. She does not s

5、tudy English.Here is a table that shows all the negative forms using do not or does not in the simple present.Be + NotNegative sentences can also use the verb to be and not. They look like these examples:I am not a doctor. She is not hungry. They are not from Africa.Simple Past The simple past tense

6、 in English is formed like this:Regular VerbsSubject + Verb + EDExamples: I played hockey yesterday. He jumped on the bed. Irregular VerbsIrregular verbs dont end in ed. They have different endings. They are called irregular verbs because their endings are different.Examples: Go = went Have = hadVer

7、b to be in the simple past USESActions at a specific time in the past I ate dinner at 5:00 pm yesterday. He went to school this morning.Completed actions in the past I finished my homework before dinner. She quit her job.Past status I was a teacher 5 years ago. They were tired last night.NEGATIVESSu

8、bject + Did + Not + Base VerbExamples: I did not eat yesterday. They didnt (did not) go to class last week.QUESTIONSQuestions in simple past are the same as in thesimple present. There are 2 types:1. Did2. Was/WereDid + Subject + Verb (in present)Examples: Did you eat yesterday Did they go to the st

9、ore last weekWas/Were + Subject Examples:Was he tired last night Were they late this morning SIMPLE PAST TIME PHRASES Simple FutureThe future tense in English is formed in two ways:1. Will2. Going toWillSubject + will + base verb + object I will go to work tomorrow. They will eat seafood for dinner.

10、Will is always followed by a base verb. I sing. He sings. I will sing. He will sing.Contractions with WillI will IllYou will YoullHe will HellShe will ShellIt will ItllWe will WellThey will TheyllGoing toSubject + verb to be + going to + base verb + object I am going to eat pizza for dinner. He is g

11、oing to go to work tomorrow. They are going to have a party on Saturday.Notice how the verb to be must agree with its subject.QUESTIONSFor questions in the simple future, change the subject and the auxiliary verb.Will you come to the party Will she go to work tomorrow Are you going to come to the pa

12、rty Is he going to play soccer tonightNEGATIVESFor negatives in the simple future, use not. I will not cook dinner tonight. I am not going to cook dinner tonight.Contraction:will not = wont I wont go to the party tomorrow. Greg wont like the movie. Present ContinuousThe present continuous is a verb

13、tense used to show actions in the present. These actions are happening right now.STRUCTURESubject + Verb “to be + Verb + ing (gerund) I am talking. She is not singing. They are watching a movie.USESPresent continuous is used for actions happening right now. I am eating dinner now. He is listening to

14、 music.Now can mean many things. It may mean right now or this second. It can also mean these days or this year. I am listening to music right now. (This describes the action happening right now)I am working at Burger King. (The person is not working this minute, but in general) The second example s

15、hows how simple present and present continuous can be used in the same way. How are you How are you doingI live in Toronto. I am living in Toronto.I teach at Chester High School. I am teaching at Chester.QUESTIONSThe verb and the subject are reversed to form a question with the present continuous.Ye

16、s/No QuestionsIs he eating dinner Yes . he is eating dinner.Are you watching a movie No. I am playing pianoWH QuestionsWhere is he goingWhat are you doingWhy is she singing Past ContinuousPast continuous is a verb tense also called past progressive.It is used for continuous actions in the past.STRUC

17、TURESubject + Was/Were + Verb + INGExamples: I was sleeping. They were dancing.Past continuous is used to show an action that was continuing in the past until another action interrupted it. The continuing action is past continuous and the interrupting action is simple past.Example: I was sleeping wh

18、en you called me. (The action of sleeping was continuing over time until the telephone call interrupted the sleeping.)Here are some more examples: She was playing in the park when it started to rain. While they were talking, the pizza arrived. The car crashed when we were walking across the street.A

19、n expression of time can be used as an interruption as well. We were eating dinner at 4 oclock. At 6 oclock we were still studying for our test.Here are some more uses of the past continuous:Parallel ActionsPast continuous is used to show two actions happening at the same time in the past. I was rea

20、ding and he was watching TV. While she was sleeping, Jack was doing his homework.Notice the word while is often used in these situations: While I was cleaning, she was watching television. He was talking while she was studying.Repetition in the PastPast Continuous can also be used to show actions th

21、at happened many times in the past.He was always breaking something when he was a child. I couldnt enjoy the movie because the people behind me were talking the whole time.Here are some more tips for using the past continous:Past continuous can often be used in the same places as simple past. Yester

22、day I read a book. Yesterday I was reading a book.Often it is determined by the question. What were you doing yesterday I was reading. What did you do yesterday I read.Remember that, just like present continuous, you cannot use non-continuous verbs in continuous tenses.INCORRECT I was liking pizza w

23、hen I was young. CORRECT I liked pizza when I was young. INCORRECT I was wanting to eat pizza yesterday.CORRECT I wanted to eat pizza yesterday.For more information on stative verbs, try the stative/dynamic verbs lesson.Present Perfect Present perfect is one of the most important English verb tenses

24、. STRUCTURESubject + Have/Has + (Not or Never) + Past Participle + Object I have eaten. She has not eaten. Contractions:Have + Not = havent Has + Not = hasnt QUESTIONSHave/Has + Subject + Past Participle + Object Have you visited Texas Has she driven a motorcycleAnswers: Yes, I have. No, I havent. Y

25、es, she has. No, she hasnt.USESActions in the past with no specific time. This means the time is unknown or not important.I have visited Montreal. They have tried sushi.Activities that affect the present or continue in the present I have been a teacher for 10 years. (This person continues to be a te

26、acher)She has always loved to read. (She still loves to read)Present Perfect is used differently than Simple Past.I have been to England. (No time) I went to England last year. (Time)You cant use Present Perfect with time phrases.Example: yesterday, last week, 3 days ago, when I was 16, etc. You can

27、 use Present perfect withever, never, once, several times, a few times, still, yet, alreadyExamples: I have eaten sushi yesterday. (incorrect) I have eaten sushi 3 times. (correct) She has learned English 3 years ago. (incorrect) She has never learned English. (correct) Past PerfectThe past perfect

28、is similar to the present perfect, but it is used differently.STRUCTURETo form the past perfect, use this structure:Subject + Had + Past ParticipleHere are some examples:I had tried sushi before I went to Japan. I had done my homework already.The past perfect always uses had, which is the verb have

29、in the past. It is common to use a contraction with had:USESActions in the past that happen before another action. The 1st action is in past perfect and the second action is insimple past. Take a look at this situation and how past perfect is used:7:00 I ate dinner.9:00 She invited me to a restauran

30、t.She invited me to a restaurant but I had eaten dinner.Here are some examples of the past perfect:I had never been to his house before I went to his party. I arrived at the station at 9:00 am, but the train had left. I had not met his girlfriend before. He had not studied English before he came to

31、Canada.Past Perfect and Present PerfectPast perfect is present perfect in the past. Look at the example to understand how past perfect works the same as present perfect.(Monday)Tom: Would you like to go out for dinnerJane: No. I have already eaten dinner. (Present Perfect)(Tuesday)Kim: Did you go ou

32、t for dinner with JaneTom: No. I invited her to dinner, but she had already eaten.This means the words that are common with present perfect can also be used in the past. These include ALREADY, YET, STILL, SINCE, and FOR.My teacher asked me for my project, but I had not finished it yet. He introduced

33、 me to his father, and I realized had already met him. I ate a lot of food last night for dinner, because I hadnt eaten anything since breakfast. I had not seen my sister for 3 months. Future Perfect Future Perfect is a verb tense used to talk about the future. It is like the other perfect tenses (p

34、resent perfect, past perfect) because it uses a past participle. STRUCTURESubject + Will (not) + Have + Past ParticipleExamples: I will have finished work when you arrive. She will have eaten dinner by 7:00 pm.USESFuture Perfect is used for activities that are completed in the future before another

35、future event.Example: Tom will have graduated University by the time Bob starts. (When Bob starts university, Tom will be finished.)The other action is given in simple present.Example: I will have finished dinner when you arrive.Remember the time of completion is important.Examples: I will take a gr

36、aphic design class from July 10th - 28th. I will take a marketing course starting on August 1st. I will have finished the graphic design course when I start the marketing course. The event in the future can simply be a time period. “By is often used in this situation.Examples: By 2050 scientists will have discovered a cure for cancer. I will have graduated high school by next year.