南师大英语写作(学硕)复习资料(39页).doc
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1、-写作:4. Writing an opening paragraphAn opening paragraph usually consists of two parts: opening part and thesis statements.1) Functions of an opening paragraph: Attract readers interest. Present your thesis.2) Five useful ways to write an opening paragraph(1) Begin with a broad, general statement of
2、your topic and narrow it down to your thesis statement. (from a broad topic to your thesis) (2) Use an incident or a brief story. (from a brief story to your thesis)(3) Start with an idea or a situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop. (from an opposite idea or situation to your the
3、sis) (4) Ask one or more questions (from a question(s) to your thesis) (5) Use a quotation (from a quotation to your thesis) 5. Writing supporting paragraphs1) Three bases for writing a supporting paragraph:(1) Support (adequate and specific)(论据充分性)(2) Coherence(连贯性)(a)Transitional words: Type 1: Ad
4、dition signals are used to show accumulation.Type 2: Time Signals are used to show sequence.Type 3: Space signals are used to show location.Type 4: Change of direction signals are used to show contrast.Type 5: Illustration signals are used to show examples.Type 6: Conclusion signals are used to show
5、 consequence.(b) Transitional sentences (c) Other collecting words: Repeated wordsPronounsSynonyms(同义词)(3) Unity(一致性)(a) Make all of the topic sentences in the supporting paragraphs related to the thesis. (b) Make all of the major supporting points related to the topic sentences in each supporting p
6、aragraph.(c) Make all of the minor supporting points related to the major supporting points in each supporting paragraph.2) Patterns of Organization:(1) Time order (chronological order) (按时间顺序排列) (2) Climactic order (order of importance) (按重要性顺序排列)(3) Space order(按空间顺序排列)6. Writing an concluding par
7、agraphFour effective ways will be introduced(1) End with a summary and a final thought.Restate your major points raised in your thesis, but do not repeat them.(2) End with a recommendation (3) End with a prediction(4) End with a thought-provoking question or questions.7. Sentence Skills1) Three type
8、s of fragments:2)Run-on sentences (乱加从句的冗长句子)A run-on sentence is a string of words with two subordinate clauses that are run together without proper punctuation. 3)Dangling modifiers (垂悬结构)40a. *Carrying a heavy pile of books, her foot caught on the step.41a. *To get up early, the clock was set at
9、six.42a. *At the age of five, my dad taught me about cars.43a. *To improve his result, the experiment was done again.41b. To get up early, I set the clock at six.42b. When I was five, my dad taught me about cars.43b. He improved his result by doing the experiment again.But some set phrases and absol
10、ute constructions are not dangling modifiers. 44. To be frank, I do not think he is the right man for the job.45. Generally speaking, at this age, girls are more mature than boys.46. The majority approving of the project, he had to give in.4) Parallelism (并行关系)50a. *I took a bath, sleeping, and waki
11、ng up refreshed.51a. *The keys to improving grades are to take effective notes in class, to plan study time, and preparing carefully for exams. 52a. *In many ways, starting college at forty is harder than to start at eighteen.Correct sentences:50b. I took a bath, went to sleep, and woke up refreshed
12、.51b. The keys to improving grades are to take effective notes in class, to plan study time, and to prepare carefully for exams. 52b. In many ways, starting college at forty is harder than starting at eighteen.5) Mixed construction53a. *The most valued trait in an employee is a person who is loyal.5
13、4a. *Indigestion is when you cannot digest food.55a. *By taking a No.70 bus is one way to get to our university.56a. *The reason I enjoy horseback riding is because it provides outdoor exercise.57a. *There are many people move to USA.Correct sentences:53b. The most valued trait in an employee is loy
14、alty.54b. Indigestion is the inability to digest food.55b. You can get to our university by taking a No.70 bus.56b. I enjoy horseback riding because it provides outdoor exercise.57b. There are many people who move to USA.改错练习:Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoy. People dont like to ta
15、lk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more tempting, more satisfying, or with the reward of a bit of revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims. But to let them know that you are upset about something they are doing. Careful plotting can provide you with relief from bothersom co
16、workers, gossiping friends, or nagging family members. Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. The first thing that you should do is to get up extra early one day. Before the sun comes up, drive to each coworkers
17、house, reach under the hood of his car, and disconnected the center wire that leads to the distrib. cap. The car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If your lucky, your boss might notice that you are the only one there and will
18、 give you a raise. Later if you feel guilty about your actions you can call each person anonymously and tell them how to get the car runningCorrect essay:Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoys(主谓一致). People dont like to talk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more temptin
19、g, more satisfying, or more rewarding than(并行关系) a bit of revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims but (fragment) to let them know that you are upset about something they are doing to you. Careful plotting can provide you with relief from bothersome(拼写错误) coworkers, gossiping friends, or nag
20、ging family members. Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. The first thing that you should do is to get up extra early one day. Before the sun comes up, drive to each coworkers house, reach under the hood of his
21、 car, and disconnect(时态一致) the center wire that leads to the distributor(全拼) cap. The car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If youre lucky, your boss might notice that you are the only one there and will give you a raise. Lat
22、er,(标点)if you feel guilty about your actions you can call each person anonymously and tell them how to get their cars(代词一致) running again8. Patterns of development1) Comparison and contrast (1) One side at a time (subject by subject)These: Going to Chalet is more difficult than going to McDonalds1.
23、Chaleta. Dress codeb. Advance reservationsc. Leave an hour earlyd. Find parking space2. McDonaldsa. Casual dressb. No reservationsc. Leave only fifteen minutes ahead of timed. Plenty of free parking (2) Point by point These: Studying is something I do differently in college than in high school.1. Ke
24、eping up with reading assignmenta. High schoolb. College2. Concentrating while reading a. High school b. College2) Cause and effect(因果说明) We may support our thesis statements by explaining a series of causes or a series of effects.(1) Causes: These tell readers why something happened. We try to exam
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