全国卷高二英语下学期期末考试分类汇编——阅读理解之说明文.docx

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1、03说明文Passage 1（2022陕西长安一中高二期末）Magic is a form of entertainment that is based on pretending to do things that are impossible. The magician is a specially trained actor. He tries to make the audience believe that he has the power to do things which are against the laws of nature.Magic shows are entert

2、aining as long as the audience does not discover how the tricks are done. The magician usually depends on his skill with his hands, on his knowledge of psychology, and, sometimes, on mechanical devices. Since magic performance is meant to trick people, the use of psychology is important. The magicia

3、n must keep people from noticing all the movements of his hands and from thinking about the secret parts of his equipment. He must also lead the audience to draw false conclusions. The magicians success depends on the fact that many things seen by the eye are not the things that matter.Two basic mag

4、ic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear. A combination of these two tricks makes for some interesting effects. For example, the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups. The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change colour. What

5、 actually happens is that the magician, employing quick hand movements or a mechanical device, hides one ball. While doing this he talks to the audience and waves a brightly coloured cloth with one hand. The audience is too busy watching the cloth and listening to the magicians words to notice that

6、his other hand is hiding the ball.Another favourite trick is to cut or burn something, and then make it appear whole again. What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches something else. Then he “magically“ makes it

7、 appear whole again by displaying another object that has not been cut or burned.1. Which of the following is important for a successful magic trick?A. Moving stage equipment.B. Keeping the performance in secret.C. Applying high technology.D. Directing the audiences attention.2. What does the underl

8、ined word “employing“ mean in paragraph 3?A. Hiring.B. Using.C. Engaging.D. Moving.3. How does the author develop the last two paragraphs?A. By explaining a concept.B. By making a summary.C. By drawing comparisons.D. By providing examples.4. Whats the passage mainly about?1. The secrets behind the a

9、rt of magic.B. The ways to be magicians.use worldwide.The fact is that most industrial robots were not designed to do with unpredictable human environments.By cutting robots down to the desktop size and embedding （嵌入） them with sensors and AI, the next generation of cobots will feel our presence , l

10、earn from us and combine with us better. Lightweight and portable cobots can work in less space and share it with people rather than being caged off. Decreasing costs for robotic systems make them more affordable to small businesses , and their ease of setting up and programmability makes them simpl

11、e to develop.Although the cooperative robot is relatively novel, the initial concept was invented in 1996.Acobot patent was filed in 1997 , which detailed “an instrument and method for direct physical interaction between a person and a general-purpose operator controlled by a computer”.The idea of r

12、obotic feedback （反应） was also built-in so that cobots would redirect or control motions that originate with the operator through physical guidance.The future of cobot working is likely to change as newer interfaces and ways of interacting are developed.Vbice commands are bound to be a feature as nat

13、ural language processing systems become more widespread.Robotic movements and interactions will be controlled using non-invasive brain control interfaces.Unplanned changes to production and safer interaction with humans will then require a step-change in robot learning.Cobots will learn directly fro

14、m human interaction or even from virtual simulations （模拟） that will help them adapt to real-world situations.Open robotics platforms , such as Carnegie Mellon Universitys LoCoBot or Elephant Robotics Catbot, mean that programmers can share the skills they have developed via the cloud.Cobot carers ,

15、such as ElliQ , the companion robot, ceiling-mounted rail robots , or even IKEA* s robotic furniture , promise a nice future of cooperation.33. What makes cobots more suitable to small firms?A. The desktop size.B. Sensors and ALC. Cheap robotic systems.D. Their ease of programmability.34. What does

16、the underlined word ninteractionn in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Change.B. Competition.C. Difference.D. Communication.35. Which of the following is a characteristic of the future cobots?A. Voice control.B Unplanned production changes.C. Working in dangerous environments.D. Direct physical interaction with h

17、umans.36. What does the author suggest doing about cobots?A. Learning from humans.B. Combining with humans.C. Opening robotics platforms.D. Sharing programming skills.Passage 10（2021 河南新乡高二期末）Its well-known that facial recognition is widely used in shopping, home security, and law enforcement and mi

18、llions of us use it to open our smartphones. But privacy advocates are raising alarms about the growing use of facial recognition technology.The American administration recently proposed a rule to use facial recognition to identify and photograph all people entering and leaving the United States, in

19、cluding American citizens. That idea was sciapped after big objections from lawmakers and activists, but the administration is moving ahead with more limited use of the technology in a number of airports and other ports of entry say it makes the public safer and so far, theyve had very few complaint

20、s from travelers.However, a growing number of, both in and out of the government, say any type of facial recognition is just like illegal surveillance （监视）. They say it exchanges too much freedom for too little security. Many note that once the government has a database of Americans with their photo

21、graphs, there9s no telling what it could be used fbr. Beyond the privacy concerns, security experts are also worried that a huge government database could be a major target for a data breach （数据泄露）.Some say it could give hackers access to data from millions of Americans.Mike Howell, a former consult

22、ant of the Department of Homeland Security, suggests a possible solution: simply erase the information after it used. The big question fbr,“ says Howell, “is how the government largely will protect the data. We want the data we collect to keep us safe from threats, not to, you know, make unsafe. Fin

23、ally, the administration may have the final say on the future of facial recognition, with more regulations being advised to keep it in check.” 37. What does the underlined word “scrapped“ in paragraph 2 mean?A. Abandoned.B. Expressed.C. Considered.D. Updated.38. What attitude do the security experts

24、 have towards facial recognition ?A. Uncaring.B. Concerned.C. Flexible.D. Tolerant.39. What does Howell advise American administration to do ?A. Exchange much security for some freedom.B Protect the privacy related to facial recognition.C. Introduce some laws to stop data breaches.D. Stop using faci

25、al recognition in shopping.40. What does the text mainly talk about?A. Facial recognition is actually a double-edged sword.B , The American administration is advised to use facial recognition.C. It is urgent for the government to stop using facial recognition.D. There are alarms about growing use of

26、 facial recognition.【答案】1. D2. B3. D4. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过事例揭示了魔术背后的秘密。1 .细节理解题。根据第二段后三句The magician must keep people from noticing all the movements of his hands and from thinking about the secret parts of his equipment. He must also lead the audience to draw false conclusions. The magicians success

27、depends on the fact that many things seen by the eye are not the things that matter.（魔术师必须防止人们注意到他手上所有动 作，以及思考魔术道具的秘密局部。他还必须引导观众得出错误的结论。魔术师的成功取决 于这样一个事实：许多肉眼看到的都不是重要的）”可知，魔术师最重要的是要引导观众的注 意力。应选D。2 .词句猜想题。根据划线词所在句的后一句While doing this he talks to the audience and waves a brightly coloured cloth with on

28、e hand.（在这样做的同时，他与观众交谈，并用一只手 挥舞着一块色彩鲜艳的布）”可知，魔术师要通过手的动作来完成魔术，由此可推知，划线词 employing与“using”同义，表示“使用”。应选B。3 .推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第一句Two basic magic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear.（两个基本的魔术是让物体凭空出现或消失）”及倒 数第一段第一句Another favourite trick is to cut or bum something, an

29、d then make it appear whole again.（另一个最受欢迎的魔术是切断或燃烧某物，然后再让它变完整厂可知，这两段 都是通过举例子的方式展开表达的。应选D。4 .主旨大意题。根据文章第一句Magic is a form of entertainment that is based on pretending to do things that are impossible.（魔术是一种娱乐方式，基于假装做一些不可能的事）对魔术的概 述，结合后文列举例子详细揭示魔术的过程可知，本文主要揭示了魔术背后的秘密。应选A。5 . A6. D7. C8. A【解析】本文是一篇说明文

30、。文章通过大量的研究介绍了友谊会照亮我们的人生，友谊影响 着我们的生活、健康，有时候甚至超过了家庭成员。5 .推理判断题。根据第二段“After comparing peoples friendships and family relationships with their physical and mental health, the team discovered that friendship was linked to higher scores of well-being （康乐）than family relationships4在将人们的友谊和家庭关系与他们的身心健康进 行比拟

31、后，研究小组发现，友谊比家庭关系更能带来幸福感。户和第三段“The second study involved （涉及）almost 7, 500 older adults, and suggested that the quality of friendships had a much bigger influence on health than family relationships. People who reported stressful friendships were much more likely to suffer poor health compared to tho

32、se who had positive friendships; the influence on health from good or bad family relationships was small.（第二项研究 涉及近7500名老年人，说明友谊的质量比家庭关系对健康的影响更大。与拥有积极友谊的 人相比，有压力的友谊的人更有可能健康状况不佳；良好或糟糕的家庭关系对健康的影响很 小。厂可推断，这两项研究的重点是研究友谊和家庭关系对幸福感的影响。应选A。6 .主旨大意题。根据第四段首句“Friendships are very important to well-being.（友谊对幸福

33、很 重要。户及后文内容可知，本段主要说明了为什么友谊是健康和幸福的关键。应选D。7 .细节理解题。根据第五段“Of course, good friendships dont just happen一they require time, but time spent on developing good friendships is worth it.（当然，好的友谊不是凭空而来的它们需要时间，但是花在开展友谊上的时间是值得的。户可知，建立良好的友谊需要时间。 应选C。8 .词义猜想题。根据“Friendships help us shun loneliness but are often h

34、arder to maintain （维持） throughout the life （友谊帮助我们shun孤独，但往往很难维持一生。）中loneliness和常识可 知，友谊可以帮助我们防止孤独。所以划线词shun为“防止”之意，与avoid同义。应选A。9 . BIO. All. C12. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个名为CollegePoint的工程，主要是为了帮 助来自低收入家庭的优等生去申请适合他们的大学。文中介绍了 CollegePoint是如何工作的， 以及工程中顾问的工作职责和列举了顾问为学生服务的事例。9.主旨大意题。根据第二段Thats the idea

35、behind CollegePoint, a program to help gifted students go to schools that match their intelligence. When a high school student takes a standardized test-the PS AT, SAT or ACT-and they score in the 90th percentile, and their families make less than $ 80, 000 a year, they get an email from the program

36、 offering them a free adviser. The advisers listen, guide and answer students5 questions.（这就是 CollegePoint 背后的想 法，一个帮助有天赋的学生去匹配他们智力的学校的工程。当一名高中生参加一项标准化考 试，即PSAT、SAT或ACT时，如果他们的分数在90%以上，而他们的家庭年收入不到8 万美元，他们就会收到该工程发来的电子邮件，为他们提供免费顾问。指导老师倾听、指导 和回答学生的问题广可知，第二段的主要内容是CollegePoint是如何工作的。应选B。10 .细节理解题。根据第三段中“C

37、onnor Rechtzigel, an adviser in Minnesota, sees the importance of his role, for research shows that low-income students are far more likely to undermatch because they dont think they have what it takes to get in and because many dont even know what schools are out there.（明尼苏达州的一名顾问Connor Rechtzigel看

38、到了自己所扮演的角色的重要性， 因为研究说明，低收入家庭的学生更有可能落后，因为他们认为自己不具备入学所需的条件， 而且许多人甚至不知道那里有哪些学校广可知，对大学了解不多，阻碍了低收入家庭的学生 上正规的大学。应选A。11 .细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Nakhle, an adviser in North Carolina, is working with Hensley, an Ohio high school senior who cant get extra financial help from her family. They spent a lot of time compar

39、ing and analyzing her financial-aid award letters, which made her decision much clearer. Finally, the Ohio State University offered an option where she would pay nothing. （Nakhle 是北卡罗来纳州的一名顾问，她正在与Hensley合作。Hensley是俄亥俄州的一名高三学生, 她无法从家人那里获得额外的经济帮助。他们花了很多时间比拟和分析她的助学金奖励信， 这使她的决定更清楚了。最后，俄亥俄州立大学为她提供了一个免费的选

40、择户可知，Hensley 最终选择了俄亥俄州立大学，是因为这所大学满足了她的经济需求。应选C。12 .主旨大意题。根据第一段For top students from low-income families, applying to colleges is particularly difficult. One approach makes this whole process easier? Provide an adviser for them. （对于来自低收入家庭的优等生来说，申请大学尤其困难。有一种方法能使整个过程更简单 吗？有，那就是为他们提供顾问广并结合全文可知，文章主要介绍了一

41、个名为CollegePoint 的工程，主要是为了帮助来自低收入家庭的优等生去申请适合他们的大学。文中介绍了 CollegePoint是如何工作的，以及工程中顾问的工作职责和列举了顾问为学生服务的事例。 所以“CollegePointHelping Students Select Ideal Colleges（CollegePoint帮助学生选择理想的大学）”最符合文章标题。应选B。13 . A14. C15. D16. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类是如何记录历史的，有两种方法：书面记录和口 口相传。13 .细节理解题。根据第三段中Sometimes, of course, eve

42、n if the people cannot write, they may know something of the past. They have heard about it from older people, and often songs and dances and stories have been made about the most important happenings, and these have been sung and acted and told for many generations, for most people are proud to tel

43、l what their fathers did in the past.（当然，有时候，即使人们不会写字，他们也会对过去有所了解。他们从年纪 大的人那里听说过这件事，经常有关于最重要的事情的歌曲、舞蹈和故事，这些被唱出来、 表演出来并被传颂了许多代，因为大多数人都以讲述他们的父亲过去的事迹为荣广可知，即 使没有文字记载，历史也可以通过其它方式记录下来，所以A项“没有文字记载，就没有历 史”不是文章要表达的观点。应选A。14 .细节理解题。根据第二段中But we know almost nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago

44、 in central Africa, because they had not learned to write.（但我们对 200 年前生活在 非洲中部的人们几乎一无所知。因为他们还没学会写字户可知，我们对200年前的中非知之 甚少，因为那里的人不会写字。应选C。15 .细节理解题。根据第三段中“They have heard about it from older people, and often songs and dances and stories have been made about the most important happenings, and these have

45、 been sung and acted and told for many generations, for most people are proud to tell what their fathers did in the past. This we may call remembered history”.（他们从年纪大的人那里听说过这件事， 经常有关于最重要的事情的歌曲、舞蹈和故事，这些被唱出来、表演出来并被传颂了许多代, 因为大多数人都以讲述他们的父亲过去的事迹为荣。我们可以把这叫做“Remembered history）”可知，Remembered history指的是口 口相

46、传的重要事件的故事和关于最重要事件的 歌舞。应选D。16 .推理判断题。根据第一段If we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago, we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and had written in it an account of what we did each day, we should be able to give an answer to the question.（如果有人问我们

47、一年前到底在做什么，我们可能不得不说我们不记得了。但是，如 果我们有一本书，把我们每天所做的事情记录下来，我们就能回答这个问题户和第二段中“It is the same in history. Many things have been forgotten because we do not have any written account of them.（历史上也是如此。许多事情已经被遗忘，因为我们没有任何书面记录户可推 知，如果古人对过去的每一件事都有文字记录，我们可能会比现在更了解我们的过去。应选Bo17 . D18. A19. B20. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了近年

48、来特斯拉快速崛起，刺激了不同规模，甚 至不同行业的“新选手们”投身电动汽车领域，电动汽车行业竞争加剧。17 .推理判断题。根据第一段中“And the proportion of vehicles powered by batteries will grow quickly.（电池驱动汽车的比例将迅速增长）”可推断，电动汽车行业未来前景良好。应选D。18 .细节理解题。根据第二段中“Scaling up manufacturing has caused Tesla its biggest headaches.（扩大生产规模是特斯拉最头疼的问题）”可知，特斯拉会陷入困境是因为生产能力 成为瓶颈。

49、应选A。19 .细节理解题。根据第四段中“And what of the Tesla followers, from Chinas li, Nio and Xpeng to American firms such as Fisker, Lucid and Nikola? Cash from excitable investors has poured in and it is the same with big name carmakers - as are tech giants, keen to get involved as transport goes digital.（那么,从中国的li蔚来和Xpeng到美国的Fisker Lucid和Nikola,特斯拉的 追随者们乂如何呢？兴奋的投资者带来的现金源源不断地涌入，大牌汽车制造商也是如此 随着交通数字化，科技巨