2022年年考研英语一真题及答案-打印,推荐文档 .pdf

《2022年年考研英语一真题及答案-打印,推荐文档 .pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年年考研英语一真题及答案-打印,推荐文档 .pdf（15页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、1 2014 年研究生入学考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used

2、 to be. We suddenly cant remember _1_ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain _2_, we refer to these occurrences as senior moments. _3_ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) _4_ impac

3、t on our professional, social, and personal _5_. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It _6_ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental _7_ can significantly impro

4、ve our basic cognitive _8_. Thinking is essentially a _9_ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to _10_ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. _11_, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelli

5、gence can expand and fluctuate _12_ mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step _13_ and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental _14_. The Web-based program _15_ you to systematically improve your memory and atte

6、ntion skills. The program keeps _16_ of your progress and provides detailed feedback _17_ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it _18_modifies and enhances the games you play to _19_ on the strengths you are developingmuch like a(n) _20_exercise routine requires you to increase resist

7、ance and vary your muscle use. 1. Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhy 2. Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses 3. AIf BUnless COnce DWhile 4. Auneven Blimited Cdamaging Dobscure 5. Awellbeing Benvironment Crelationship Doutlook 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，

8、共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 2 6. Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigures 7. Aroundabouts Bresponses Cworkouts Dassociations 8. Agenre Bfunctions Ccircumstances Dcriterion 9. Achannel Bcondition Csequence Dprocess 10. Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature 11. A Therefore B Moreover C Otherwise D However 12. Aaccordi

9、ng to Bregardless of Capart from Dinstead of 13. Aback Bfurther Caside Daround 14. Asharpness Bstability Cframework Dflexibility 15. Aforces Breminds Churries Dallows 16. Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace 17. Ato Bwith Cfor Don 18. Airregularly Bhabitually Cconstantly Dunusually 19. Acarry Bput Cbuild Dtake

10、 20. Arisky Beffective Cidle Dfamiliar Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 In order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency

11、George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the upfront work search scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What

12、 could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on. he claimed. Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and

13、 help those on benefits get into work faster. Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with reforms to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidise

14、s laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 3 his zeal for fundamental fairness protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimant

15、s received their benefits. Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordin

16、arily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has d

17、isappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher re

18、forms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseekers allowance invented in 1996

19、 is about redefining the unemployed as a jobseeker who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited allowance, conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a

20、 week, one of the least generous in the EU. 21. George Osborne s scheme was intended toAprovide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.Cmotivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. Dguarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22.

21、 The phrase, to sign on (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means Ato check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre. Bto accept the governments restrictions on the allowance.Cto register for an allowance from the government. Dto attend a governmental job-training program. 23. What prompted the chan

22、cellor to develop his scheme? AA desire to secure a better life for all. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 4 BAn eagerness to protect the unemployed. CAn urge to be generous to the claimants. DA passion to ensure fairness for

23、 taxpayers. 24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel Auneasy Benraged. Cinsulted. Dguilty. 25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree? AThe British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.BOsborne s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.CThe jo

24、bseekers allowance has met their actual needs.DUnemployment benefits should not be made conditional. Text 2 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other professionwith the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more ground

25、s for complaint than America. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. M

26、any of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelat

27、ed subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot affo

28、rd to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement th

29、em. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 5 the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enou

30、gh test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the Distri

31、ct of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make

32、money rather than serve clients ethically. In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency. After all, other countries,

33、 such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow. 26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to Athe growing demand from clients. Bthe increasing pressure of inflation. Cthe prospect of working in big firms. Dthe attraction of fin

34、ancial rewards. 27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states? AHigher tuition fees for undergraduate studies. BAdmissions approval from the bar association. CPursuing a bachelors degree in another major. DReceiving training by professional associations. 28.H

35、indrance to the reform of the legal system originates from Alawyers and clients strong resistance.Bthe rigid bodies governing the profession. Cthe stem exam for would-be lawyers. Dnon- professionals sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered restrictivepartly because it Aban

36、s outsiders involvement in the profession.Bkeeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 Caggravates the ethical situation in the trade. Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits. 30.In this

37、 text, the author mainly discusses Aflawed ownership of Americas law firms and its causes.Bthe factors that help make a successful lawyer in America. Ca problem in Americas legal profession and solutions to it.Dthe role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal education.Text 3 The US$3-million Fun

38、damental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said whe n he accepted this years award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in

39、 recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

40、What s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,

41、say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the critic

42、ism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldare distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launc

43、hed this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over w

44、ho is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 7 decided what he wanted to do w

45、ith his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention c

46、ome to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism that is the culture of research, after allbut it is the prize- givers money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. 31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as Aa s

47、ymbol of the entrepreneurs wealth.Ba possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes. Can example of bankers investments.Da handsome reward for researchers. 32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit Athe profit-oriented scientists. Bthe founders of the new awards. Cthe achievement-based s

48、ystem. Dpeer-review-led research. 33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves Acontroversies over the recipients status.Bthe joint effort of modern researchers. Clegitimate concerns over the new prizes. Dthe demonstration of research findings. 34. According to Paragraph 4,w

49、hich of the following is true of the Nobels? ATheir endurance has done justice to them. BTheir legitimacy has long been in dispute. CThey are the most representative honor. DHistory has never cast doubt on them. 35.The author believes that the now awards are Aacceptable despite the criticism. Bharmf

50、ul to the culture of research. Csubject to undesirable changes. Dunworthy of public attention. Text 4 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - - 8 The Heart of the Matter, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and S