2022年《物理专业英语》 .pdf

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1、新物理专业英语范围单词篇1 、加速度 acceleration 2 、速度 velocity 3 、角速度 angular velocity 4 、角动量 angular momentum5 、热量 amount of heat 6 、热力学第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics 7 、干涉 interference 8 、反射 reflection 9 、折射 refraction 10 、振幅 amplitude 11 、机械运动 mechanical motion 12、保守场 conservative field 13 、向心力 centripetal

2、 force 14、保守力 conservative force 15、摩擦力 friction force 16 、面积 area 17 、体积 volume 18、阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadro constant 19 、绝对零度 absolute zero 20 、电势能 energy of position 21、重力势能 gravitational potential energy 22 、重力场 the field of gravity force 23 、真空中的磁场 magnetic field in a vacuum 24 、电磁波 electromagnetic wave

3、 25 、电流的相互作用interaction of current1、（第 3 页）第四段的第3 句A typical problem of mechanics consists in determining the states of a system at all the following moments of time t when we know the state of the system at a certain initial moment to and also the law governing the motion. 翻译：机械运动的一个典型的问题的构成取决于一个系统

4、在接下来的时间间隔t 的状态，（因此）当我们知道了一个确切的最初的系统状态时，也可以知道运动的规律。2、（第 4 页）第一段A body whose dimension may be disregarded in the condition or a given problem is called a point particle (or simply a particle). 翻译：在一个给定的问题中，一个物体的形状和大小可以被忽略的情况被称为质点。3、(第 36 页)第五段【注：选词和阅读会出】For a stationary filed ,the work done on a parti

5、cle by the forces of the field may depend only on the initial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved .Forces having such a property are called conservative. 翻译：对于恒定场，这个场的力对粒子所做的功只依赖于粒子的初位置和末位置，不依赖于粒子运动的路径。具有这一特性的力被称为保守力。名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - -

6、- - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 4、（第 40 页）第一行A field of forces is called potential if it can be described with the aid of the function V(x,y,z,t), whose gradient see the following section, Eq.(2.13) determines the force at each point of the

7、field: F=? V compare with Eq.(2.32).the function V is called the potential function or the potential. 翻译：一个力场被称为势场，如果可以借助函数V(x,y,z,t)来描述， 看下一部分， E.q.(2.31)它的梯度决定力场中的每一个点：F=? V 与(2.32) 比较 。函数 V被称为势函数或势场。5、( 第 56 页）第二段和第三段【注：翻译、选词、阅读会出】In translation,all the points of a body receive displacements equa

8、l in magnitude and direction during the same time interval .Consequently, the velocities and accelerations of all the points are identical at every moment of time .It is therefore sufficient ( 足够的；充分的）to determine the motion of one of the points of a body (for example ,of its center of mass) to comp

9、letely characterize the motion of the entire body. 翻译：在平动中，刚体上所有的点在相同的时间间隔内得到大小和方向都相同的位移。因此，所以的点的速度和加速度在各个时刻是相同的。因此充分的取决于用刚体上一点（例如，质心）的运动来完全描述整个刚体的运动特征。In rotation,all the points of a rigid move along circles whose centers are on a single straight line called the axis of rotation.To describe rotatio

10、n,we must set the position of the axis of rotation in space and the angular velocity of the body at each moment of time . 翻译：在转动中， 刚体上所有的点沿着圆周运动的中心在一条单直线上被称为旋转轴。为了描述转动 ,我们必须设定空间中旋转轴的位置和刚体在各个时刻的角速度。6、（第 79 页）第一段和第二段The masses of atoms and molecules are characterized by （通过 .来区分）using quantities known

11、 as the relative atomic mass of an element (the atomic mass in short) and the relative molecular mass of substance (the molecular mass). 翻译：原子和分子的质量通过使用质量来区分被称为元素的相对原子质量（简称原子质量）和物质的相对分子质量（简称分子质量）。the atomic mass (Ar)of a chemical element is defined as the ratio of the mass of an atom of the element

12、to 1/12 of the mass of the atom C12(This is the symbol for the carbon isotope with a mass number of 12) .The molecular mass (Mr) of a substance is defined as the ratio of the mass of a molecule of the substance to 1/12 of the mass of the atomC12. Their definitions show that the atomic and molecular

13、masses are dimensionless Quantities . 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 翻译：一种化学元素的相对原子质量被定义为这种元素的原子的质量与C12原子的质量的1/12 的比值。物质的相对分子质量被定义为物质的分子的质量与C12原子的质量的1/12 的比值。它们的定义表明原子和分子的质量是无量纲的。7、（第 85 页）第一段、第二段和第三段The internal e

14、nergy can change in the main at the expense of two different processes:the performance of the work A on a body and the imparting of the heat Q to it.The doing of work is attended by the displacement of the external bodies acting on the system .For example ,when we move in the piston closing a vessel

15、 with a gas ，the piston when moving does the work A on the gas . According to Newton s law,the gas, in turn ,dose the work A = Aon the piston . 翻译：内能可以交换总的来说是两个不同过程的（能量的）损失：一个物体所做的功A 和物体传递的热量 Q 。所做的功是由外界物体对系统做功的增量决定的。例如，当我们移动充满气体的密闭容器的活塞的时候，移动时活塞对气体做的功为A 。根据牛顿第三定律，总的来说，气体对活塞做的功为A=A 。The imparting of

16、 heat to a gas is not associated with the motion of external bodies and is therefore not associated with the doing of macroscopic (i.e. relating to the entire complex of molecules which the body consists of ) work on the gas .In this case,the change in the internal energy is due to the fact that sep

17、arate molecules of the hotter body do work on separate molecules of the colder one .Energy is also transferred here by radiation.The combination of microscopic (i.e. involving not an entire body ,but separate molecules of it ) processes is called heat transfer.翻译：气体热量的传递不与外界物体的运动相联系也因此不与宏观上对气体作功相联系。

18、在这种情况，内能的改变与较热的物体中单独的分子对较冷的物体中单独的分子所做的功有关。能量同样是通过辐射来传递的。微观过程的总和被称为热量传递。Just as the amount of energy transferred by one body to another is determined by the work A done by the bodies on each other ,the amount of energy transmitted from one body to another by heat transfer is determined by the amount

19、of heat Q transferred by one body to the other .Thus ,the increment of the internal energy of a system must equal the sun of the work A done on the system and the amount of heat Q imparted to it : 12AQUU. Here 1Uand 2Uare the initial and final values of the internal energy of the system .It is custo

20、mary practice to 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - consider the work A (equal to A) done by a system on external bodies instead of the work A done by external bodies on the system .Introducing A in Eq.(4.6) instead of

21、 A and solving it relative to Q.we have AUUQ12. 翻译： 由一个物体到另一个物体的能量的传递取决于物体之间所做的功A。从一个物体到另一个物体的能量的传递通过热传递( 来实现的）取决于一个物体到另一个物体传递的热量Q 。因此，系统内能的增量必须等于对系统所做的功A 和（物体）传递给系统的热量Q的总和：12AQUU这里的1U和2U是系统内能的最初值和最末值。通常会考虑用系统对外界所做的功A 来代替外界对系统所做的功 A。将 A带入方程（ 4.6 ）中来代替A, 解出 Q ，我们有AUUQ12。8、（第 86 页）It can be put in wor

22、ds as follows: the amount of heat imparted to a system is spent on an increment of the internal energy of the system and on the work done by the system on external bodies. 翻译：（热力学第一定律）可以用下面的话来论述：一个系统热量的传递被用于系统内能的增量和系统对外界物体所做的功。9、（第 104 页）Knowing the probability of the different measurement results,w

23、e can find the mean value of all the results.According to the definition （定义） of the mean value iiiixPNxNx(5.5) 翻译：想要知道出现的概率的不同测量结果，我们可以找出所有结果的平均值，根据平均值的定义有iiiixPNxNx(5.5) 10 、（第 149 页）It is easy to see that the angle between rays OP and OQ is 2. 翻译：很容易可以看出射线OP 和 OQ 之间的夹角为2。11、（第 158 页）【注：英译中】Accord

24、ing to the Huygens-Fresnel principle .Every element of wave surface S is the source of a secondary spherical wave whose amplitude is proportional to the size of element dS.The amplitude of a spherical of a spherical wave diminishes with the distance r from its source according to the law 1/r. 名师归纳总结

25、 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 翻译：根据惠更斯菲涅耳原理。光波表面S 的每个面积元为光源的次级球面波其振幅与面积元dS的大小成正比。根据定律中的1/r 可知，球面波的振幅随着它到光源的距离r 减少。12、（第 176 页）【英译中】A point charge is defined as a charged body whose dimensions may be disregarded in compa

26、rison with the distances from this body to other bodies carrying an electric charge. 翻译：点电荷被定义为一个带电体与它到另一个带电体之间的距离相比较时其大小可以被忽略。参考理解：（不用背）点电荷：物理学上把本身的线度比相互之间的距离小得多的带电体叫做点电荷。13、（第 187 页）The work of the forces of a conservation field can be represented as a decrement of the potential energy :2,1 ,12PpW

27、WA. 翻译 :保守力做的功可以表示为势能的减少量:2,1,12PpWWA.14、（第 223 页）【注意：英译中】Experiments show that electric currents exert a force on one another. For example, two thin straight parallel conductors carrying a current (we shall call them line currents) attract each other if the currents in them flow in same directions,

28、and repel each other if the currents flow in opposite directions. 翻译：实验表明电流会施加一个力于另一个电流上。例如，两个薄而直的平行带电导体（我们称它为直流），如果它们通过的电流方向是相同的，则相互吸引，如果通过的电流方向是相反的，则相互排斥。15、（第 225 页）【注：中翻英】The value of the electromagnetic constant coincides with that of the speed of light in a vacuum. 翻译：磁场常数的数值与真空中的光速相一致。名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - -